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* HAIiLSTATT EPOCH. 486 HAIMAHEBA. Uallstatt culture of the eastern Alpine highlands as more highly evolved than that of the Neo- lithic period in the West due to Oriental influ- ences. It appeared a thousand years or more before the Christian Era. It flourished chiefly in Carinthia, Southern Germany, Switzerland, Bo- hemia. Silesia, Bosnia, Southeastern France, and Southern Italy. Consult Deuiker, Races of Man (London, l'.«»0). HALLSTROM, hel'strem, Ivab (1826—). ;V Swedish composer, born in Stockholm. He was educated for the legal profession, and was private librarian to the Crown Prince, who became Oscar II. of Sweden. In 1861 he was appointed the successor of Lindblad as director of the National School of Music at Stockholm. He is essentially a national composer, and all his writing is marked by the characteristics of Scandinavian music in general, and the Swedish folk-music in particular. He composed several operas, the most successful of which was Den lierglagiia, or the Mountain King. Other works include the operas, Herliq Magnus; Den fortrol- lade kattcn, or The Enclinnted Cat; Xeaga, or Xyaga (libretto by Carmen Sylva) ; Idyl for soli, chorus, and orchestra, which, in 1860, won the prize of the llusical Union of Stockholm. HALLUCINATION (from Lat. luiUucinatio, ahicinatio, hallucination, from aliicinari, to wan- der in mind). In the states of dreaming, hj'p- nosis. and insanity, we lind a derangement, tem- porary or permanent, of the normal train of ideas (see AssocHTiox of loE.iS) and their attendant afl'ective processes; in hallucination and illusion (q.v.) we have an abnormal condition of single ideas or representations. ( See Idea. ) An illu- sion may be defined here, provisionally, as a dis- torted perception; an hallucination is "an image of memory which differs in intensity from the normal" (Wimdt), a centrally aroused idea which by its strength and vividness simulates the reality of an external object, and is, therefore, accepted as real by the perceiving subject. Hal- lucinations are characteristic of certain forms of insanity; the religious visionary holds inter- course with the Virgin Jlary; the nielancholiac hears insulting or threatening voices (delirium of persecution). Sane persons, especially those en- gaged in intellectual pursuits, are also liable to hallucinations after a period of concentrated men- tal Avork. The commonest forms of hallucination are, perhaps, the 'hypnagogic' visions or voices seen or heard in the drowsy interval preceding sleep. Hallucinations are ordinarily auditory or visual, though they may also arise within the spheres of taste, smell, and touch. Hallucinations may be set up by hypera>mia of the brain, membranes, and cortex ; by the action of drugs (morphiuni, ether, etc.l ; and by dis- turbances of brain nutrition, resulting in anaemia. The common factor in all these cases is a deposi- tion, in the cerebral cortex, of products of decom- position, which at first enhance the irritability of the area affected, and presently serve them- selves as stimuli to brain action. BiBLioGRAPHT. Wundt, Grundziige der physi- clogischen Psychologie, vol. ii. (Leipzig. 1893): Mueller, Ucber die phantastisrhcn Gesiehtser- srheiniingen (Coblcnz, 182(i) : Bri&re de Bois- niont. Des hallurinationn (Paris. 1S45) ; Sully, Illusions (New York. 1881) ; Parish, Hallucina- tions and Illusions (New York, 1897). HALLTJF. See Wabt-Hog. HALLUIN, a'hvau'. A town in the Depart- ment uf Nonl. France, on the Belgian frontier. It has extensive manufacturing establishments of cotton, linen, etc. Population, in 1901, 16,.500. HAL'LTJX VAL'GUS (Lat., wry toe). The technical name of a deformity of the great toe, which is generally caused by wearing too small a shoe, the toe, for lack of room, being forced out of its normal position so that it sometimes overlaps the other toes. This malformation, which is most common among women, not unfre- ((uently results in osseous changes which may necessitate amputation of the toe. HALLWICH, hiil'viK, Hermann (1838—). An Austrian politician and historian, born at Teplitz, and educated at Prague. From 1871 to 1897 Hallwich was a member of the Austrian House of Deputies, allied with the German Left, and prominent as a speaker on questions dealing with commerce and tarifl'. As an historian he is best known as an ardent defender of Wallenstein. He wrote: Wallen^tcins Ende. Ungedruckte Bricfe nnd Akten (1879) ; Heinrirh Matthias Thurn als Zeuge im Pro::ess Wallenstein (1883) ; and Se- stalten aus Wallensteins Lager (1885). HALM, Fkiedrich, the pseudonym of Mcnch- BELi.i.XGiiArsEN, E. F. J., Baron von (q.v.). HALM, halm, Karl (1809-821. A German philologist, born at Munich in 1809. From 1839 he taught at Speier and Hadamar; in 1849 he became rector of the newly founded Maximilians- gymnasium at Munich, and in 1856 professor in the university there and director of the royal library. His principal works are critical editions of Cicero (1845-56). QuintiUan (1868-09), and Cornelius yepos (1871); Cicero's Orations with commentary (1845-48); and Select Orations of Cicero (1854-66) ; in the Teubner series, .Esop's Fables (1Sd2) . Florus (1854). and Tacitus (4th ed. 1891). His shorter treatises comprise: Lec- iiones Stobenses (Speier, 1841-42) : the Catalogue of the Fathers of the Latin Church (1865) : and his rich Catalogue of the Munich Library, vol. i. (1865). HALMA, al'ma', Nicolas ( 1755-1.S28) . A French mathematician, born at Sedan, and edu- cated there and in Paris. He took holy orders, and was principal of the college at Sedan (1791- 93 ) . Removed from this position by the suppres- sion of the colleges, he went to Paris and was in quick succession engineer, surgeon, professor at the Prvtanfe and at the Military School of Fon- lainebleau, librarian and instructor of the Em- press, and librarian of the Department of Bridges and Highways. Then he imdertook. at the in- stance of Delambre, the translation of Ptole- maus on astronomy, together with the commen- taries of Theon on the first two books, and other material (1813-16). But the success and merits of his work were small, and appointments as assistant curator of the Biblioth6que Sainte Gene- vieve and as canon of Notre Dame were nuieh more remunerative. His further works include translations and criticisms of Greek mathema- ticians and chronologists. and text-books of geog- raphy, besides many miscellaneous writings. HALMAHEBA, hal'ma-ha'ra. An island of the iloluccas. See Gilolo.