Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/534

* HALLECK. 483 HALLELUJAH. verses on "Alnwick Castle," and on "Burns." These, -with "Marco Bozzaris" (182.5), constitute liis eliicf claim to rcmenibrancc as a poet of a slight though genuine lyric vein, and of distinct capacity for society verse, who was yet artist enough to confine his production to a very mod- erate compass. Consult: Wilson, The Life and Letters of Fitz-Greeiie Halleclt (New York, 180) : The Poetical Writings of Fitz-Grcene Hiil- Icck, edited by Wilson (ib., ISl!!)). HALLECK, Henry Wager (1815-72). An Anicricuii soldier, the general-in-chief of the United States Array from 1862 to 1864. He was born in Westerville, N. Y., on .January 16, 1815, studied for a time at Union College, and gradu- ated at W'est Point in 1839. He then served for a year .as assistant professor of engineering at West Point: was assistant to the Board of Engineers at Washington in 1840 and 1841 ; and from 1841 to 184G, except for a few months in 1845, when he was in Europe for the purpose of exam- ining various public works, was assistant engi- neer in repairing the fortifications of New York harbor. Soon after his return from Kurope, he delivered a series of lectures before the Lowell Institute of Boston, which he published in 1846 as Elements of Military Art and Science, which in a new edition (1858) was much used during the C'ivil War as a training manual for volunteer ofiicers. In 1847, during the Mexican War, he was sent to the Pacific Co.ast, and here served as aide-de-camp to Connnander Shubrick from Octo- ber, 1847, to June, 1848 (for part of this period serving as Lieutenant-(iOveruor of Mazatlan) ; was chief of staff during Lieutenant-Colonel Bur- ton's campaign in Lower California, and from August, 1847, to December. 1849, served as Secre- tary of State for California under the military governments of Generals jMason and Riley. In 1849 he was ,a member of the California Constitu- tional Convention, and of the committee which draughted the State Constitution. From Decem- ber, 1S52, to August, 1854, he was insjjector and engineer of lighthouses, and from April. 1853. to August, 1854, was also a member of the board of engineers for fortifications on the Pacific Coast. He resigned from the army on August 1, 1854; became a successful lawyer in San Francisco ; was elected president of the Pacific and Atlantic Railroad in 1855, and from 1850 until 1861 was director-general of the New Almaden quicksilver mines. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he reentered the army (.ugust 19, 1861), with the rank of major-general, and from Novem- ber 9, 1861, to March 11, 1862. commanded the Department of !Missouri. which then embraced Missouri. Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Arkansas, and western Kentucky. In this capacity he quickly put a stop to the peculations of con- tractors, thoroughly trained the disorganized troops, dismissed hundreds of placemen, and in general substituted order and system for the chaos which had resulted from his predecessor's laxity and incapacity. He planned the west- ern campaign of 1862. and on April 11th assumed command in person at Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh). On May 30th his forces entered Cor- inth. On .July 11th he was appointed Gen- eral-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States, and at once proceeded to Washington, where he served in this capacity imtil Jfarch 12. 1864. after which, until April, 1S65, he was chief of staff of the Armv. He then was in command successively of the Military Division of the James, the Division of the Pacilic, and the Division of the South until his death. As a soldier he was a strict discij)linarian, an excellent organizer, and a skillful strategist; but his genius was more adapted to the map than to the field, and on many occasions he is considered to have fallen far short of the requirements of a general-in- chief. He published: liitumen: Its Varieties, Properties, and Uses (1841); A Collection of Mining Laics of Spain and Mexico (1859) ; Inter- national Law, or Rules Regulating the Inter- course of States in Peace atid War (1861; abridged ed. for schools and colleges, 1886) ; and a translation of Jomini's Vie politique et mili- taire de Napoleon (1864). HALL EFFECT. See ELECTRlciTr. HALLEIN, hiil'lln. A town in Salzburg, Austria, 10 miles south of the city of Salzburg, on the right bank of the river Salza (Map: Aus- tria, 3). It is noted for its extensive salt- worics and saline baths, and has also important cotton, needle, and button factories. The Durn- berg, a mountain 2388 feet above the level of the sea, contains the largest salt-mine in the Aus- trian S;ilzkammergut, from which the salt is conveved in large wooden conduits to the works within the loAvm Good rock salt is also obtained from Diirnberg. Hallein dates from the tenth century. Population, in 1890, 5200; in 1900, C600. HALTjEL (Heb., praise). A part of the Jew- ish hymnal service. The term usually signifies the Egyiitian Hallel, so called because of its con- nection with the Passover festival. This Hallel comprises Psalms cxiii.-cxviii., and is chanted in synagogues on the festivals of the Passover, Pentecost. Tabernacles, and the eight days of the Hannucah fcs1:iyal or Feast of Lights, and also at the close of the meal on the first evening of the Passover. It was this Hallel, or at any rate part of it, that was sung by Christ and His disciples at the Passover meal (Matt. xxvi. 30; Mark xiy. 26). Another Hallel, called the 'great Hallel.' was a general thanksgiving chant. .Jew- ish authorities dispute in the Talmud as to what Psalms it should include. Some identify it with the usual Hallel (Psalms cxiii.-cxviii.); others make it Psalms cxx.-cxxxvi., cxxxv. 4-cxX-Xvi., or cxx.xvi. alone. HALLELUJAH, hal'lf-loo'TO, or ALLE- LUIA (Hel). Halclii Yfih. praise ye Yahweh). An ascri])tion of praise to God derived from the Old Testament, where it appears at the end of certain psalms, and in general use as an expres- sion of thankfulness. It is retained in the Greek and Latin liturgies in the original form, and was so also by the Church of England in the first Prayer-Book "of Edward VI., though it is now translated by "Praise ye the Lord." Being an expression of gladness and triumph, it was re- served for seasons and festivals which expressed these emotions. Thus, in the Roman Catholic Church, it is never used from Septuagesima to Easter: and in some mediipval office books, the office of the Saturday before Septuagesima made a special mention of it, even personifying it. and taking a quaint and tender farewell of it: "Thou sh.alt go from us, O Alleluia: tho)i shalt return to us again in peace, Alleluia." During the en- tire Easter season, on the contrary, and also in a