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* HALL. 179 tion has been largely superseded by the 'Sylvester method,' described under Respiration. Artificial. HALL, Owen (real name James Davis). An Englisli dramatic autlior. He was educated at University Colleife. London, and practiced as a solicitor in London from 1874 to ISSli. In the latter year he deserted the law for journalism, was editor of the Bat in 1885-87, and of Gali- gimni's Mcsseiiner in 1888-90. In 1890 he founded and beeaine editor of a weekly magazine kno'n as the Phoenix. He is best known bj' his librettos, such as: A Gayety Girl; An Artist's Model; The Geisha; A Greek Slave; Florodora ; and The Sil- ver Slipper. HALL, Robert (1764-18.31). A celebrated English Ba]itist preacher and writer. He was born at Arnesby. near Leicester. May 2. 1764. the son of a Baptist minister and the youngest of fourteen children. He was feeble in body and precocious in intellect. At the age of fifteen he was sent to a Baptist academy at Bristol. In 1781 he entered King's College. Aberdeen. Gradu- ating .M. A. in 1784, he became (1785) assistant Baptist minister and tutor in the academy at Bristol. He was a fluent, rapid, and impressive speaker, and was liberal, but not heterodox, in his religious views. In consequence of a dis- agreement with his colleague, he went, in 1790, to Cambridge, where, by his elaborate composi- tion and vivid eloquence, he rose to the highest rank of British orators. He was not less distin- giiisiicd for his writings and published discourses. His Apology for the Freedom of the Press ( 1793) , and sermon on Mo(ler)i Id fidelity (1800), extend- ed his reputation. In 1806 he resigned because of poor liealth. and in 1807 he settled in Leicester. He married in 1808. after a whimsical courtship; returned to Bristol in 1826. and died there Febru- ary 21, 1831. He w'as an indefatigable student, learning Italian at sixty that he might enjoy Dante. Nearly all his life he suffered from ill healtli. and had at times attacks of insanity: yet few men have performed more intellectual labor. A complete edition of his works, with a memoir b.v Dr. O. Gregory, and observations on his character as a jjreacher by .John Foster, was published in London; in six volumes (1831- 33; 11th ed. 1853). His miscellaneous works are in Bohn's Standard Library, and an edition of his Tl'or/v of the Holy Spirit appeared in London (1886). Consult his life, by Hood (London, 1881). HALL, Samuel Caeteb (1800-89). A British author and editor, born near Waterford, Ireland. He went to London in 1821. became a reporter of debates in the House of Lords in 1823. commenced a. year later the study of law, though he never practiced, and had a varied experience as editor of magazines and books. In 1824 he married Anna ilaria Fielding, who became well know'n as a skillful delineator of Irish life and customs. He edited the London Art Journal from 1839 to 1880; introduced during his period of supervision the engraving of sculpture and other innovations: and exposed the prevalent frauds in the sale of pictures alleged to be by the old masters. In 1880 he was granted a pension by Lord Beacons- field. He frequentl.v collaborated with his wife, rendered her valuable assistance in the prepara- tion of her very popular Ireland, and edited, with extensive critical and exnlanatorv annota- tions: The Book of Grms (1830-38) ; The Bonk HALLAM. of liritish Ballad.s (1842); Gems of European Art, the Best Pictures of the Best Schools (1843- 45) ; The Beauties of the I'oet Moore ( 1844) ; The Baronial Halls and Pirlurcs<iue Edifices of Eng- land (1848): The Gallery of Modern Sculpture (1849-54) ; and Selected Pictures from the Gal- leries and Private Collections of Grral Britain. (1862-68). The best known among his original works are: The Trial of Sir Jasper: A Temper- ance Tale in ^'erse (1873): .4n Old Story: .4 Temperance Tale in Verse (1875); A Memoir of Thomas Moore (1879); Rhymes in Council; Aphorisms Versified (1881) ; and Retrospect of a Long Life, from ISlo to 1S83 (1883). HALL, William Edward (1835-94). An Eng- lish writer on international law. born at Leather- head. He was educated at University College, Oxford, where he took the degree of A.B. in 1856 and A.Jf. in 1859, and in the latter year won the chancellor's prize for a notable essay on The Effect Produced by the Precious Metals of America upon the Greatness and Prosperity of Spain. He studied at Lincoln's Inn. and was called to the bar in 1861, but turned his energies toward a study of modern history and interna- tional law. He traveled widely, and liecame well known as an art collector, U]jon which subject he also wrote extensively. In 1867 he attracted public attention by the publication of an able treatise entitled A Plan for the Reorganization of the Army. In 1874 appeared his first work on international law. The Rights and Duties of Neu- trals. This was followed in 1880 by his great work. International Law, the publication of which marked an epoch in the literature of the subject, and secured for its author at once recognition as one of the greatest living authorities in that branch of law. The l)ook readied a fourth edition in 1895. and was accepted as a standard work in Europe and America as well as in England. He also wrote .1 Treatise on the Foreign Powers uyitl Jurisdiction of the British Crown (1894). He was elected in 1882 a member of the Institut de Droit International, and in 1891 was appoint- ed one of the English commissioners for the set- tlement of the Newfoundland fisheries question with France. HALO/AM, Arthur Henry (1811-33). An Englisli essayist, son of Henry Hallam. He was a young man of great promise, and was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College. Cambridge. On graduating in 1832. he began the study of law; but the next year went abroad with his father, and died suddenly at Vienna. At Cambridge he formed a close friendship with Alfred Tennyson, to whose sister he was engaged to be married. Hallani's name has been rendered memorable through its connection with Tennyson's "In Me- moriam." in which the poet employs the prema- ture death of his friend as the starting-point of the well-known elaboration of his views on life and death. Ilallam's Remains in Prose and Verse were published in 1834. HALLAM, Henry (1777-1859). An Engli.sh philosophical historian and critic. He was the only son of .John Hallam. Dean of Bristol and Canon of Windsor, and was born in Windsor on .Tuly 9. 1777. He was educated at Eton, and at Christ Church. Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1799: studied law at the Inner Temple, of which society he became a bencher: and was in practice on the Oxford circuit until 1812, when