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* HALL. 477 HALL. HALL, Granville Stanley (1845—). An Auitricaii oiliuator. He was born at Ashfield, Mass.; graduated at Williams College in 1867, and subsequontly spent several years studj'ing philosophy and psychology in Germany. Ho was professor of psychology at Antioch College. Ohio, from 1872 to 1870, and at various periods was lecturer on the same subject at Harvard and at Williams. In 1884 he was chosen professor of psj'cholog}' at Johns Hopkins University, and in 1888 he became president of Clark University, Worcester, Mass. He became an important con- tributor to educational literature, and is a lead- ing authority in that field. He was also ap- pointed editor of the American Journal of Psy- chiilogij and the Pedagogical Seminary. Among his books are : Aspects of Oerman Culture { 1881 ) ; Hints Toward a Select and Descriptirc Bibliogra- phy of Education (1886). with .John M. Mans- field: and The Contents of Children's Minds on Entering School (1894). HALL, Isaac Hollister (1837-90). An American Orientalist, born at Norwalk, Cfonn., and educated at Hamilton College. After eleven years at the New York bar he was appointed pro- fessor at the Protestant College of Beirut, where in 1870 he discovered a Syriac manuscript of the Philoxenian version of the Gospels, Acts, and, in part, the Kpistles. This he published in 1884. He returned to America in 1877 : distinguished himself by his studies of epigraphy, especially as the first to decipher the Cypriote inscriptions; in 188.5 was appointed curator of the Metropoli- lan Museum of New York City, and later lectured on New Testament Greek at .Johns Hoplcins Uni- versity. In 1884 he deciphered "Antilegomcna Epistles" from the Syriac manuscript discovered by the Rev. W. F. Williams, which he published (1886) in facsimile. He also compiled a Critical Bibliography of the Oreek New Testament as Published in America (1884). HALL, Sir James (1761-1832). A British geologist and chemist, noted for his application of chemical tests to geological hypotheses. He was born in Haddingtonshire, Scotland, the eld- est son of Sir John Hall, Baronet, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1776. Having become inter- ested in geology during the early part of his career, he associated intimately with .Tames Hut ton, then the most eminent name in that science, and was ultimately led to accept his nniformi- tarian theory of geolo.^^^ which explains the phe- nomena of the earth's crust by steady and progres- sive natural changes. In testing the theoiy he traveled extensively, and studied the rocks in dif- ferent parts of Scothind, as well as in the Alps, in Italy, and in Sicily. He also had recourse, for the same purpose, tn experiments in his labora- tory, but, owing to Hutton's disapproval of that method, did not publish the results until after the latter's death in 1797. These made good his contention in some respects against the opponents of Hutton's system. On some points, however, he differed from his master, explaining, for ex- ample, the boulders on the Jura and similar phe- nomena at Corstorphine by the supposed action of a sea flood instead of by the glacial theory which is now generally accepted. He was also deeply interested in (he study of architecture, and in 1813 published an Essay on the Origin, History, and Principles of Gothic Architecture, whose ideas had already been presented in less elaborate form before the Royal Society of Edin- burgh in 1797. He aims to ])rove that (iotbic arcliiteclure is an evolution begun 1)y reproducing in stone crude wattle buildings, and he construct- ed a miniature wattle-work cathedral in Gothic style to illustrate his argument. Hall took jiart in Parliamentary life, representing tlic borough of Michael in Cornwall from 1807 to. 1812. .fler his death, which occurred at Edinl)urgh in 1832, an acc<nmt of a machine which he invented for the regulation of high tcmix-ratures was given before the Geological Society of London. HALL, .James (1793-1808). An American journalist and author, born in Philadelphia. He studied law, but joined the army in 1812, and served at Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie. JNlean- while he continued his legal studies, and in 1820 he removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he began practice at the bar, and edited the Illinois Ga- zette. Later he was judge of the Circuit Court and then State treasurer, meanwhile editing at Vandalia, 111., the Illinois Intelligencer. At Cin- cinnati he conducted the Western Monthly Maga- zine (1833-37), and was engaged in banking*. Among his publication.s are: Letters from the West (1829); Legends of the West (1832); Tales of the Border (1835) : Life of W. H. Har- rison (1836); History of the Indian Tribes (3 vols., 1838-44),; and The Romance of Western History (1847). His collected works were pub- lished in four volumes in 1853-56. HALL, James (1811-98). An American geolo- gist and paleontologist, born in Hingham, Mass. He studied under Amos Eaton at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where lie subsequently oc- cupied the chair of geology. In 1836 he was ap- pointed to the Geological .Survey of New York, and was soon placed in charge of the work in the western part of the State. The report of the survey which appeared in 1843 laid the founda- tion for the proper classification of the Paleozoic form.ations in America, and was the means of establishing the office of State Geologist, with Hall as its occupant. He now devoted himself to a comprehensive study of the older fossil- bearing rocks, and published his researches from time to time in various reports and monographs, which have come to be regarded as classics by students in this branch of geology. He was presi- dent of the American Association for the .Ad- vancement of Science in 1856, of the Geological Society of America in 1889, and was elected honorary president of the International Congress of Geologists at Washington in 1891. He received many honors from foreign seicTitific societies, in- cluding the Wollaston medal of the London Geo- logical Society. Among his more important con- tributions to geology are the following: Geology of .Veie York, part iv. (1843) : Pahrontology of New York (8 vols., 1847 et seq,) ; Orapfolites of the Quebec Group (1805): and portions of the Report of the Geological Survey of Ion a (1858- 59), and of the Report on the Geological Survei/ of the State of Wisconsin (1862). HALL, .John (1829-98). An American clergy- man, born of Scotch ]>:irent,age at JIarket Hill, County Armagh, Ireland, and educated at Bel- fast College. He was licensed to preach by the Belfast Presbytery in 1849. was a missionary in West Ireland for three years, held a pastorate for an equal period at the First Presbyterian