Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/526

* HALL. 47-t HALL. remaining show. The hall of the King's palace, now called 'Westminster Hall,' built by William Rufus and restored by Kichard 11., is the finest example in England, being 300 feet long and 100 feet broad. Those in the Imperial and royal palaces of Germany, as at Goslar, are the earliest and best preserved of their class. The use of such halls spread from feudal so- ciety to other branches of life, especially cor- porate life in the Gothic and Renaissance periods. There are three principal classes of such halls — the communal halls, tlie guild halls, and the college halls. The political organization of the free mediieval cities recjuired large meeting-places for their governing bodies; they sometimes occu- pied the entire ground floor, as at Udine, either open or inclosed ; sometimes the second floor above a basement, as at Padua (the largest in existence). The entire structure was often most imposing, as at Siena, Perugia, Gubbio, Flor- ence, Cremona. ( See Palace. ) They fell into dis- use with the fall of liberty in the Renaissance. The second class, the guild halls, without being generally as imposing in Italy (except, for in- stance, that at Florence), attained great impor- tance in Flanders and Northern France. Here the Tlalles' were the heirs of the great Roman markets. Each great corporation possessed one, and where the city was governed by them the communal belfry often rose from its summit, as in the halls of Ypres, Bruges, and Arras. Many of these great structures remain: the Butchers' Hall {Halle a la Viande) at Ghent, Ypres, and Ant- werp: the Bakers' Hall (Hallr an Pain) at Brus- sels : the FLshmongers' Hall (HaUe aux Poissons) in many towns; the Cloth Hall (Halle aux Draps) at Ghent, Bruges, Louvain, and Brussels; the Bankers' Hall (Boiirxc) at Antwerp. The fin- est of all is the hall at Ypres, built between 1201 and 1.304. Some are open, on piers, especially in the south of France, as at Fijeac and Cordes; others, in France also, are built entirely of wood, as at ^'illeneuve and Evron, Sometimes they are built around a court, as at Antwerp; but the usual type is an oblong stone structure with wooden timbered roof or vault, in one, two, or three aisles, often with a second-story gallery. The various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge and other universities had common halls, which were oft<>n of great architectural dignity and beauty, several of which remain almost un- changed. The history of the terra, therefore. shows that it applies to a large meeting-place, ■whether of a feudal family, a corporation, or an entire community. In more recent times it has been logically applied to large places where any audience is gathered together, especially for musical and other entertainments, such as Saint George's Hall in Liverpool, or Carnegie Hall in New York. Some of the meeting-places notable in our own history bear this name, such as Faneuil Hall in Boston, and Nassau Hall in Princeton. Tlie large buildings at American universities, whether dormitories or recitation buildings, even when they contain no large main apartment, are gener- ally called halls. HALL, or HOSTEL. An institution in Eng- lish universities fast dying out, chiefly by absorption into colleges. It was the earliest, and for a long time the only organization for the support of students outside the foundations of the religious orders. For the establishment of a hall, a few students by mutual agreement rented a house, chose a principal, at first general- ly one of their number, later a master, and ap- plied to the university for recognition. The halls were held on lease, the rent being fixed at in- tervals, generally, of five years by four taxers, two m.asters and two citizens, and houses once occupied by students could not be let to a lay- man, so long as a clerk would take it. The halls were under the supervision of the university, which had the right of visitation, and gradually acquired considerable authority over them. For centuries the halls greatly outnumbered the col- leges, and even after the rise of colleges many halls remained as independent establishments, largely as the residences of wealthier students. Some received endowments and became not unlike small colleges; but most kept to the original idea of a hall, that of an independent self-gov- erning community of students living at their own expense. The rise of colleges where sujjport was given students was the death-blow to the hall idea, and many colleges owed their origin to the absorption of older halls. This process of absorp- tion is still going on, and the halls are now al- most extinct, even those now remaining being destined to union with neighboring colleges after a longer or shorter period. See Saint Edmund Hall. HALL, Anna Maria (jn'e Fielding) (ISOO- 81). An English novelist, born in Dublin. Her mother, left a widow, took her to London, where she was educated. In 1824 she married Samuel Carter Hall, editor and author. She became known by i^kctches of Irish Character (1829), which was followed during the next fifty years by about fifty distinct publications, consisting most- ly of short stories and novels. Many of them first appeared in magazines. A good specimen of her delineation of. Irish character — almost equaling Maria Edgeworth's — is Marian (1840). Another side of her talent is represented by Mid- summer Eve, a Fair;/ Tale of Love (1848). She also succeeded in gaining popular favor by sev- eral pliiys. The Freneh Rcfvfice (1836), for ex- ample, ran ninety nights at Saint James's Thea- tre, She was an active and practical philanthro- pist. Consult Hall, Retrospect of a Long Life (London, 1883). HALL, Arthur Crawshay Alliston ( 1847 — ). An American bishop, born at Binfield, in Berkshire, England. He was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford, and entered the Cowley Fathers, or Society of Mission Priests of Saint .John the Evangelist, a community bound to pov- erty, chastity, and obedience. In 1872 he became assistant pastor of the Church of the Advent in Boston, and. in 1882, minister to the Mission Church of Saint .John the Evangelist in the .same city. He was recalled to England in 1891, was elected Bishop of Vermont in 1893, and after much ecclesiastical discussion was consecrated in February, 1894, after being released from the Cowley Order. He wrote: Confession and the Lambeth Conference (1879) ; Meditations on the CreedilSSO) ; Meditations on the CollcctsiSS7) ; The Example of the Passion (1882) ; The Virgin Mother: Christ's Temptation and Ours: A Charge an Marriage and Divorce: Confirmation; and Marriage with Relatives (1901).