Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/520

* HALE. 468 HALEVY. of the Latin department in the University of Chicago. His publications include: The C'um- ConstructioHS (1887-88) ; The Anticijiatory Sub- junctive in Greek and Latin (1894); and va- rious papers in classical journals. He took a prominent pnrt in establishing the American School of Classical Studies at Rome, and waa its first director (1895-96). He received the de- gree of LL.D. from Union College in 1895, and from Princeton University in 1890. HAlEK, hii'lek. ViTEZSL.v (18.35-74). A Bo- hemian poet, bom at Dolinek. and educated at Prague. He devoted himself to journalism, but his talent was poetic and more especially lyric, and his collecteif lyrics, Vpriode (1872-74) and Tecer- ni pisni (lltl'i ed. 1891), rank him with Neruda. as among the foremost of the modern Czech poets. He also wrote the epic poems: Kriisnd Lejla (18.59); Alfred (1858); Mejrima a Ilusejn (1859); Goar (1864); Cerny prdpor (1867); Didieovi Bile Hory (1869): Derce z Tater (1871); and Pohddky z naii vesnice (1873), in which lyric and epic mingle. His plays, Carevif- Aleiscj, Zavii s Falkenstejna, and Krdl Rudolf, were fairly successful. A com- plete edition of his works, including some fiction, was published at Prague (1878-87) with a biography. HALEN, il'lan, or HALEM, Don Ju. van. Count of Peracampos (1790-1864). A Spanish general and patriot of Belgian descent, born on the Isla de Leon. He entered the navy when he was fifteen, and was present at the battle of Trafal- gar. He took part in the rising against the French at Madrid (May 2, 1808). and" at Ferrol was captured, but joined the French Army and became an artillery officer under Joseph Bona- parte (1809). In 1813 he went to Barcelona in Suchet'a staff, joined a Spanish patriotic society, and treacherously surrendered Lerida. Monzon, and Mequinenza. Two years afterwards he was accused of complicity in a conspiracy against Ferdinand Vll., and was imprisoned, but almost immediately released, and made a lieutenant. Again, in 1817, he was involved in Torrijo's plot, was put in the prison of the Inquisition, but escaped and fled to Russia. In 1821 he returned to Spain and fought under Mina. He took part in politics and was promi- nent in the Belgian Revolution of 1830, being placed at the head of the insurgent forces, but soon after the expulsion of the Dutch from Brus- sels he quarreled with De Potter and resigned. Once more in Spain (1834), he was appointed Cordova's adjutant, and served with success against the Carlists (1836). In 1840 he was made Captain-General of Catalonia. In 1842 he put down the uprising in Barcelona, but the opposition to Espartero had grown too strong in 1843, and he escaped to England in .July. He returned to Spain in 1850. and in 1854 became president of the Supreme Navy and Army Court. He wrote Relacidn de su caiidividad en los cala- bo^os de la Inqttisicidn. su erasidn y emigraeidn (1827), and Les quatre journies de Bruxelles (1831). HALES, halz. Alexander of. See Alexanper OF Hales. HALES, John (1584-1656). A CImrch of England divine. He was born at Bath. April 19, 1584; educated at Oxford; became fellow of Mer- ton, 1605; fellow of Eton, 1613; canon of Wind- sor, 1639; but was ejected by the Parliamentary committee from liis canonry, 1642, and his Eton fellow-ihip, 1649. He died at Eton, May 19, 1656. In 1618-19 he was present in the Synod of Dort (q.v.), and has given an interesting account of it. ■ The discussions changed him from Calvinism t(Latitudinarianism. His learning, popularity, and practical sense were so admired by his con- temporaries that they thought posterity coiUd not possibly forget him, and his first editor issued his works under the caption. Golden Remains of the Ecer Memorable Mr. John Hales (London, 1059) ; a fuller collection appeared in Gla.sgov (1765, 3 vols.). His most famous single work is his Tract Concerning iSchism and Schismatics, written in 1636, but not printed till 1642. HALES, Stephen (1677-1761). An English jihysiologist and inventor. He was born at Beckesbourn, in Kent, and died at Teddington, in Middlesex, in 1761. He entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1696, was elected fellow in 1702, and having taken holy orders, was pre- sented about 1710 to the perpetual curacy of Teddington. He was a fellow of the Royal So- ciety and trustee for the Colony of Cieorgia. He was the author of Statical Essays, the first part of which was published under the title of Vege- table Statieks, or an Account of Some Statical E.cpcriments on- the Sap of Vegetables (1727), and which rapidly acquired so high a reputation as to be translated into French, German. Dutch, and Italian, and may be considered the starting- point of our true knowledge of vegetable physiol- ogy. A second part of this work, under the title Hcemostaticks, and treating of the circulation of the blood, appeared in 1733. In addition to valuable researches in botany and physiology, he contributed numerous memoirs to the Philosophi- cal Transactions on ventilation, on the method of keeping water fresh, on electricity, on the analy- sis of the air, etc. Ventilating machines which he invented were introduced into London prisons, and were found most efficacious in diminishing mortality among the prisoners. His system was also adopted in France with similar good results. He wrote a number of essays on the evils of the drinking of spirits, which were extiemely popu- lar and widely circulated in the cause of tem- perance. In his experiments with gases he col- lected them over water, a method which was extensively employed by Priestley and other workers in the field. HA-LEVI, JuDAH. A Jewish poet and scholar of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. See Judah, Ben Samuel. HALEVY, i'la've', Jacques rRAN<;'0is Fro- mental (1799-1862). A celebrated French dra- matic composer, bom in Paris, of Jewish ])arentage. After a little preparatory study he entered the Solf^ge class of the Paris Conservatory in 1809. The following year he undertook the study of the pianoforte under Charles Lambert, and in 1811 of harmony under Berton. Five years in the study of counterpoint under Cherubini followed, after which in 1816 he won the Prix de Rome, with a cantata, Herminie. Ilis time in Italy was devoted principally to operatic composition, and after considerable diffi- culty he succeeded in having the result of his labors, the opera h'artisan, presented in Paris in 1827. The public, however, received it coldly, and refused the composer any recognition until, in