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* HALDANE. 464 HALDIMAND. HALDANE, James Alexander (1768-1851). A Scotch clergyman, brother of Robert Haldaiie (q.v.). He was boru at Dundee, July 14, 17C8, and educated at Edinburgh University. He be- came a midshipman in 1785, and in 1793 ths commander of the Melville Castle, but before tlie ship sailed a radical change took place in his character. He sold liis coumiand and his interest in the ship and stores and retired with his wife to Edinburgh (1794), giving his chief attention to religious concerns. He organized many Sab- batli schools, and preaclied extensively in the villages and large towns of Scotland, and as congregations were gathered they were provided with houses of worship by the liberality of his brother Robert. He left the Church of Scotland ii) 1799 and founded a Congregational church iu Edinburgh, the first in Scotland, and was or- dained pastor. From 1801 till his death in Edin- burgh, February 8, 1851, he acted as pastor of Leith Walk Tabernacle, Edinburgh, without sal- ary. In 1808 he embraced Baptist sentiments, a change which split the Scotch Congregational body. He wrote several controversial works against tlie Irvingites, Erskine of Linlathen, and others; also Earhj Instruction Commended in a Narrative of Catharine Haldane (his daughter, who died at the age of six), with an Address to Parents on the Importance of Religion ( 12th ed. 1801); The Atonfment (1845, 5th ed. 1877); An Exposition of Galatians (1848). For his life consult Alexander Haldane (London, 1852). HALDANE, Robert (1764-1842). A philan- thropist and preacher of Scotch descent. He was born February 28, 1704, in London. He inherited a large property, but, having a passion for the sea, after studying but a short time in Edin- burgh University, he entered the naN-y, where he served with honor (1780-83). When the French Revolution commenced he regarded it with pleas- ure and hope, but was soon disappointed by its excesses. Having, after a season of doubt, be- come convinced of the divine origin of Chris- tianity, he heartily embraced it. and resolved to devote his life and fortune to its advancement, and in 1796 he selected India as a field for mis- sionary operations, intending to go himself as a missionary, and engaged the cooperation of sev- eral ministers to whom he pledged a sufficient support ; but as the East India Company refused to sanction the enterprise, it had to be given up. He then resolved to work at home. In company with Rowland Hill and others, he was very suc- cessful in awakening throughout Scotland a deep interest in the subject of religion. The unusual methods of work which they adopted excited the opposition of the Scottish Gk'neral Assembly. Field preaching was forbidden and other features of the revival were disapproved. Haldane se- ceded from the Established Church (1709) and entered the Congregational body, and, at his o^vIl cost, erected tabernacles for public worship in many of the large towns of Scotland. At his expense also, 300 young men were educated for the ministry under several eminent teachers. In 1808 he adopted Baptist views, engaged in personal labors to promote religion in the south of France and in Switzerland (18161. and in 1817 removed to Montauban. By his work in Geneva a new impulse was given to evangelical Christianity, and an important theological school ■was established. In 1819 he returned to Scot- land. Previously (1798) his attention had been directed to missionary work in Africa, and, as a beginning, he had 30 children brouglit to England from Sierra Leone to be educated. He died in Edinburgh, December 12, 1842. Several of his writings had a large sale: The Evidence and Authority of Divine lievelation (1816, 2d ed. 1834) ; The Books of the Old and Xew Testament Proved to he Canonical, and Their Verbal In- spiration Maintained and Established (1830, 7th ed. 1877) ; Exposition of Romans (1835; 2d ed. 1874). For his life, consult Alexander Haldane (London, 1S52>. HALDEMAN, hal'de-man, Samitel Stehman (1812-80). An American naturalist, born at Locust Grove, Lancaster Co., Pa. He studied for two years at Dickinson College, was made as- sistant in the Geological Survey of New Jersey in 1836, and from 1837 to 1842 was engaged in similar service in Pennsylvania. He became pro- fessor of the natural sciences at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851, and in 1855 was called to a similar chair in Delaware College. From 1869 until his death he was professor of com- parative linguistics in the University of Penn- sylvania, he being the first to occupy the chair in that institution, and during this period mada a careful study of Indian dialects. In addition to numerous papers on scientific and philological subjects, he published: Eletnents of Latin Pro- nunciation (1851); Tours of a Chess Knight (1865) : Pennsylvania Dutch (1872) ; and W&rd Building (1881). HAL'DIMAND, Sir Frederick (1718-91). A Swiss soldier of fortune in the service of Great Britain. He was born in the Canton of Neu- chatel. served in the Sardinian Army and under Frederick the Great, but was in the Swiss Guard at The Hague in 1756, when, together with his friend and fellow countryman. Col. Henry Bou- quet, he went to the British colonies in America, then in the throes of the French and Indian War, to enlist and command, under Lord Loudoun, a regiment of Germans, Swiss, and other nationalities, chiefly in Penn.sylvania, tc be called the Royal Americans. He successfully defended Oswego, and thus saved Niagara, in 1759; was with General Amherst at the capitula- tion of Montreal, 1760; was Military Governor at Three Rivers; for six years was in charge of the English garrison at Pensacola, Fla. (1767-73), and then in command at New York for about a year during Gage'.s leave of absence. He supported that general through the siege of Boston, and was recalled to advise the British Ministry upon American afTairs. bvit was sent out again as Governor of Canada (1778-84). General Haldimand held down with a firm hand the French Canadian sjanpathizers with the American Revolution, and welcomed and cared for the many thousands of loyalists who sought refuge in Canada during and after the war. He represented Great Britain in the Vermont negotiations with the Aliens and others, and he left behind him a mass of mo.st valuable official correspondence relating tliereto, as well as to the general history of America for the latter half of the eighteenth century. These papers, called the Haldimand Collection, were bequeathed to the British Museum by Sir Frederick's grand- nephew (1858), and have recently been copied for the Dominion Archives at Ottawa.