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* HAKLUYT. 462 HALACHA. Enolish Ambassador at Paris in 1583. There he collected all available information respecting French and Spanish voyages, and in 1584 wrote A Particular Discourse Concerninci ^^'estcrn Dis- coveries, first printed in 1877, in the collections of the Maine Historical Society. In 1587 he pub- lished a translation of the journal of the French explorer Rene Laudoni&re. The following year he returned to England and busied himself in preparing for publication his Principall Xaviga- tions, i'oiaffes. and Discoveries of the Eur/lish Xatiou. Tliis apptired in one volume in 1580. but it met with such popular success that Hak- luyt proceeded to collect material for a new and enlarged edition, which was published in three volumes in London in 1598-lflOO. In 1602 Hakluyt was made prebendary of Westminster, and in the following year archdeacon. He lent his influence to solicit a patent for the colonizing of Virginia from tlie King, and was one of the adventurers in the London or South Virginia Company. Besides his pulilished works, he left a large collection of manuscripts. Hakluyt'a Voi/afies have been reprinted twice, in 1800-12, and in rearranged form by Edmund Goldsmith at Edinburgh in 1889-00. ' His best monument is the society that bears his name. Consult : An account of Hakluyt in the introduction by J. W. Jones to the society's edition of the Dirers Vojiafies Touehiufi the Diseorery of Afnericn (Lon- don, 1850) ; also an article by Fronde in i^hort Sturlics on Great Siiliiects. vol. i. (London, 181)7) : and Voyages of Eli^ahethan Seamen: Select Nar ratives from Haklnvt's Principal 'Narigations. odited hy Payne (Oxford, 1803-1900), See Hak- rvYT Society. HAKLUYT, EiciUBn. 'of the Middle Temple' (about 1580), a cousin of Richard Hakluyt. He was exceedingly influential in arousing English interest in the colonization of the New World. It was, indeed, at his lodgings and as a result of conversations with him, that his cousin re- ceived the inspiration which has made their name synonymous with the history of the begin- nings of Greater Britain. In 15.85 he drew up some extremely valuable "Inducements" for those who were contemplating the voyage to America, and two years later he was among those chiefly instrumental in sending Frobisher to the North- west. From 1578 onward he was in constant communication with nearly every adventurer who made the American voj-age, and his correspon- dence, preserved by his cousin, furnishes many important details regarding these early luider- takings. There are many evidences that his sound judgment and wise counsel gave him a leading position among the English Imperialists of his generation. HAKLUYT SOCIETY. An association or- ganized in December. 1840, for the purpose of ''printing and distributing among its members the most rare and valuable voyages, travels, and geographical records, from an early period of exploratory enterpri.se to the circumnavigation of Dampier." Between 1847 and 1809 ninety- seven volumes ere issued under the editorial supervision of eminent authorities in geograplii- cal science, containing original or contemporarv accounts of travels and exploration in all parts of the world. Notable publications were: Select Letters of CoUimhus (1849 and 1870) ; Raleigh'.s Guiana (1848); Hakluyt's Divers Voyages (1850); Galvano's Discoveries of the World (1862) ; Garcilasso de la Vega's Royal Commen- taries of the Incas (1869 and 1871 )^ Pigafetta's account of Magellan's voyage (1874); The Ob- servations of S'r Richard Nairlcins ( 1S77) ; Com- mrntarics of the Great Alfonso Dalboquerq^ie (4 vols., 1870-84) ; The Journal of Uhristopher Columbus (1893) ; The Letters of Amerigo Ves- pucci (1894); Danish Arctic Expedition (1897). Tile president of the association after 1880 was Sir Cl"ments ^larkham. HAKODATE, ha'kcVda'ta, or HAKODADI, hii'ku-dii'tle. The northernmost of the treaty ports of .Japan, situated at the southern end of the island of Yezo (.Map: Japan, G 3). It lies at the foot of a bald rock, and has a fortified and extensive harbor. It is a well-built, well-kept towni, but of little arcliitectural interest. The chief buildings are the .lapancse Club, the town hall, and the naval school. There is also an American mission school. It has water-works and a tram line. As a commercial port it is of but slight importance, owing to the comparatively undevelojied state of Yezo. The total trade of the port for 1000 amounted to about $3,000,000. Po])- ulation, in 1887, 55.677: in 1808. 78.040. The forei,gn population, consisting mostly of mission- aries, is about 160. Hakodate was opened to for- eign commerce in 1859. HAKON, ha'kon. The name of several kings of Norway. See Haakon. HAL, hiil. A town of Belgium, in the Prov- ince of South Brabant, on the river Senne and the Chsrieroi Canal, nine miles southwest of Brus- sels (Map: Belgium, C 4). The fourteentli- century Church of Saint JIar' is a rich Gothic edifice, containing a miracle-working wooden image of the Virgin and visited on that account by numerous pilgrims. The town has an episco- pal institute, and manufactures of paper, porce- lain, and other articles. Population, in 1800, 10,441: in 1900, 12,284. HALACHA, ha-lii'ka (Heb., rule of proce- dure, from hiilat;, to go). The general term for the Jewish oral law. which runs parallel with the written law contained in the Bible, and is sup- posed to be, like this, of divine origin. Its rela- tion to the ordinances contained in the Penta- teuch is that of an amplified code to the funda- mental religious and civil maxims. The theory being that the oral law was handed down through a long chain of highest authorities (Sinaitic revelation. Moses, Joshua, elders. Great Syna- igogiie [Ezra], etc.). it could only be treated and further developed by the foremost men of each generation, who through their eminence in learn- ing belonged to a kind of aristocracy of mind {hakamini, wise men), towering above the multi- tude (liediotim, laymen). Their decision on all ordinances involved in contradictory traditions was final, because it was believed to spring from a deeper apprehension of Scripture. An elab- orate system of interpretation of the biblical texts was devised, which, frequently sacrificing the spirit to the letter, attached great weight to certain special letters, words, and even signs in the Old Testament, which, seemingly super- fluous where they stood, were supposed to point to the injunction under discussion. Halach.a em- braces the whole field of juridico-political, reli- gious, and practical life, down to its most minute