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* HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE. 445 HAHN. over by Baron de Staal of the Russian delcfjation. For the purpose of facilitating,' the work of the Conference, tlirce grand comniiltees were formed, dealing respectively with annaiiients and engines of destruction, humane regulations in warfare, and mediation and arbitration. Each of the Great Powers was represented on all of the com- mittees, and the delegation of each State had one vote on every proposal submitted to the Confer- ence. The conclusions of the Conference were embodied in a final act signed July 29, by all the States represented. This act consists of three treaties or conventions, three formal declarations, and six resolutions. The first convention relates to the pacific adjustment of international dis- putes. The second deals with the laws and usages of war on land. The third provides for the adaptation of the rules of maritime warfare to the principles of the Geneva Convention of 1S64. The three declarations involve the pro- hibition ( 1 ) of the use of projectiles or explo- sives from balloons for a period of five years (accepted unanimously) ; (2) of the employment ot projectiles which dift'use asphyxiating or other deleterious gases (not accepted by England and the United States); and (3) of the use of bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human bodj'. In the six resolutions the Confer- ence expresses the opinion that the limitation of the military burdens which now weigh so heavily upon the world is greatly to be desired for the enhancement of the moral and material well- being of humanity (unanimously agreed to) ; that the questions relating to the rights and duties of neutrals, the inviolability of private property in maritime warfare, and the question of the bombardment of towns, should be referred to a future conference : and that the questions re- lating to types and calibres of marine artillery and small arms and the size of military and naval budgets should be studied by the governments of the signatory powers with a view to estab- lishing luiiformity in the former and reduction in the latter. Of all the conclusions reached by the Con- ference the convention relating to mediation and arbitration aroused the most general inter- est. According to this convention, the signatory powers agree to resort to mediation in cases of serious international dispute, and a method of procedure is provided by which mediation ma,v be arranged at the instance of the disputants or by the vohmtary oflfer of neutral powers. It further provides that mediatory advances shall never be considered by the disputing parties as an unfriendlv act. With a view to the adjust- ment of international differences where neither 'honor' nor 'essential interests' are involved, a commission of inquiry is provided for, whose duty it shall be to examine controverted ques- tions of fact such as are susceptible of judicial ascertainment, and report the result of its in- quiries to the disputing powers for their accept- ance or rejection. Finally, with a view to the settlement of disputes between States b.v arbi- tration, a Permanent Court of Arbitration was created. This tribunal is composed of persons eminent for their knowledge of international law, and chosen by the parties concerned from a yier- manent list of arbitrators nominated by the sig- natory powers. Each power is allowed to nomi- nate not more than four members, and their term of office is six years. In order to consti- tute the court for a particular case, each party to the controversy chooses two arbitrators either from the list of permanent members or from persons who are not members, and these choose an umpire. There are also detailed provisions for selecting an umpire in case the two arbitrators cannot agree, for regulating the procedure of the court, for reviewing its decision, etc. The diplomatic agents of the signatory powers resident at The Hague, under the presidency of the Dutch Minister of For- eign Affairs, constitute a permanent Council which serves as the office of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The first resort to the Perma- nent Court of Arbitration was made by the United States and Mexico in 1902 for the set- tlement of the controversy in regard to the Pius Fund Claims. The delegates from the United States to the Conference were Andrew D. White, Seth Low, Captain A. T. Mahan, Captain Wil- liam Crozier, Stanford Newell, and Frederick W. Holls, the secretary of the delegation. Consult: Davis, Elements of International Law (New York. 1900) ; and Holls. The Peace Cotiference at The Hnrnic (New York, 1900). HAHN, han, August (1792-1863). A Ger- man Protestant theologian. He was born at Grossosterhausen, Saxony, March 27, 1792; studied at Leipzig, and in 1819 was appointed professor extraordinar,v of theology at Kiinigs- hevg. In 1826 he removed as professor of the- ology to Leipzig, where he came into great prominence as the author of a treatise, De ra- tionalismi, qui dicitur, vera indole el qua. cum naturalismo contineatur ratione, and also of an Offene Erkliirunfi an die crangelische Kirche ?»n.ac/iS? in Sachsen vnd Preussen, in which he endeavored to convince the rationalists that it was their dut,v voluntarily and at once to with- draw from the National Church. In 1833 Hahn was called to Breslau as theological professor and consistorial councilor, and in 1844 he became general superintendent of the Province of Silesia. Among the other literary labors by which he is best known are his edition of the Hebrew Bible (1831), and iiis BihUolhek der fiiimhole und Glaubensreqehi der apostolisch-kaiholischen Kirehc (Breslau, 1842, 2d ed. bv G. L. Hahn, 1878). He died at Breslau. May 13, 1863. HAHN, Friedricu vo. ( 1823-97) . A German jurist, born in Homburg. After study at Jena and Heidelberg, he became a lecturer at the former in 1847. and professor in 1850. In the conferences held at Nuremberg and Hamburg in connection with a general code of commercial law for Germany, he took a prominent part. He was appointed to the Court of Appeal at .Jena in 1862. and to the Imperial Supreme Court at Leipzig in 1879. From 1891 mitil his retire- ment in 1893 he was president of the Senate of the Supreme Court. His chief publication is his Kontmentar zum nllfjemeinen deiitschcn Ean- dcUfirsctzhiich (Brunswick, vol. i., 4(h ed. 1894; vol. ii.. 2d ed. 1875-83). HAHN, JoHAKN Michael (1758-1819). A Swabinti theosophist. founder of the Michelians. He was born at Altdorf, and had visions at the age of seventeen, and again in his twentieth and twenty-second years. After the last of these he^ began to proclaim his beliefs both by writing' and by .speech, and gained many followers. But