Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/491

* HAGAR. 439 HAGEN. showed Hagar a well of water (Gen. xxi. 1-21). This story of the relationship of liagar to Sarah, of the birth of Ishniael, of Sarah's treatment of Hagar and her sun, and of the final dismissal of the pair, is an admirable illustration of the man- ner in which tribal conditions are portrayed under the guise of history. Hagar personifies a tribe that at one time stood in close relationship to some of the Hebrew clans. Rivalry ensued, and the result was a separation, which is pictured as a dismissal on the part of the elan regarding itself as the superior. Interpreted in this way, the various features of it become clear. The opposition between Israelites and Ishmaelites leads the Hebrew writers to so construct genealog- ical traditions as to make Ishniael the son of the 'handmaid,' whereas Isaac is the offspring of the real wife, ."^arai. As a justitication for the separation of two nations having so nuieh in com- mon as Israel and Ishmael, it is rc])rcseMted (1) that Hagar, though the inferior, attempted to gain the supremacy, and (2) that Ishmael, the 'inferior' offspring, failed to recognize the superiority of Isaac. The separation, which no doubt was voluntary on the part of the Ishmael- ites, is. therefore, portrayed as a deliberate act of dismissal on tlic part of Abraham, in whom the genealogical traditions of Hebrews and Arabs are thus made to unite. The story of Hagar and Ishmael was well adapted for homiletical and allegorical elabora- tion, and hence lioth in the New Testament and in Rabbinical literature the subject is frequently in- troduced. Hagar is contrasted with Sarah al- legorically by Saint Paul ( Gal. iv. 22 sqq. ), who makes Hagar, the bondwoman, represent the earthly .Jerusalem. Sarah, who is free, the heaven- ly, and contrasts Ishmael and Isaac in a similar way. A .Jewish tradition identifies Hagar with Abraham's second wife, Keturah (Gen. xxv. 1), and another makes her the daughter of Pharaoh. The Mohammedans look upon Hagar as Abra- ham's true wife and upon Ishmael as the favorite son. Consult: The commentaries on Genesis by Dillniann, Gunkcl. Holzinger, and Delitzsch, and for further amplification of the Hagar-Ishmael tradition in .Jewish and Slohammedan writings, Griinbaum. yciie lieitriige sur seiiiitixclien Sar/cn- kiinile (Berlin. 1001); Beer. Di/.v Lchrn Abra- hams nach Aiiffassiinri der jiidischen Suflc (Leip- zig. 18591 : Weil, liihlical Leqends of the Mussul- mans (trans., London, 1840). HAGAR, Stansbury (1800—1. An Ameri- can etliniiliigist and lawyer. Iiorn in San Fran- cisco, Cal. He graduated at Yale in 1802. at the New York Law School in 1807. an<l became an investigator of native American archa'olog' and ethnology. For this purpose he made studies in Peru, among the Cherokee Indians of North Caro- lina and the ilicmacs of Nova Seotia, and in va- rious European nuiseums. He received election to the American Association for the Advancement of Science and to the vice-presidency of the American Folk-lore Society. HA'GARTY, Sir .John H.vwkins (1816- 1900). A Canadian judge, born in Dublin. Ire- land, and educated at Trinity College. He emi- grated to Canada in IS.'io. chose the law as his profession, soon attained a large practice, and in 18.50 was made a Queen's Counsel. He was made a judge of the Court of Connnon Plea* in the Province of Ontario in 1856. a judge of the Court of Queen's Bench in 1802, Chief Justice of the Conmion Pleas in 1868, Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench in 1878, and president of the Court of Appeals and of the Sujireme Court of .Judicature, with the title of Cliief Justice of Ontario, in 1884. He was knighted in 1807 on the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. Judge Ilagarty was also a member of tiie law faculty of Trinity University, Toronto. He was a man of fine literary culture, aiul wrote some pamphlets and poems of considerable merit. As He retired from the bench in 1897, and received on that occasion ^i highly appreciative address from the bench and bar of Ontario. HAGBERG, hiig'berg, Carl August (1810- 04 1 . A Swedish writer on a-sthetics and lin- guistics. He was born at Lund, studied at Up.sala, where he became instructor of Greek in 1833, and, after two years in Germany and in France, where be became personally acciuainted with Hugo and Lamartine, in 1840 was appointed professor of modern languages and of aesthetics at Lund. There he spent eleven years in the preparation of his excellent version of Shakespeare ( 1847- 51) : and on its publication was named a niemlier of the Swedish Academy, a post in which he made great contributions to the lexicon wf that body. Hagberg's later years were devoted to the study of old Norse dialects. In 1859 he Was elected to a chair at Lund for instruction in Norse. Besides a sketch of modern French thought. Om den nya fransj/ska initcrhelen (1837). Hagberg wrote little. HAGBERRY. See Hackberry. HAGDEN. See Shearwater. HAGEDORN, ha'ge-dorn. Friedrich von (1708-54). A German poet. He was born in Ham- burg, studied jurisprudence in .Jena, and was secre- tary to the Danish Minister at London in 1729 31. In i733 he became secretary to the 'English Court." a Hamburg trade association of English merchants. His poetry is of a varied character — sentimental, satirical, didactic — but all is marked by good taste and careful elaboration. He has been credited with originating the modern German GescllscJiafls- licd. or glee. Many of his Lieder were set to music by composers of the time. There is an edition of his works, with a biography and cri- tique, prepared by Eschcnburg (5 vols., 1800). Consult: Scduister. Fricdrirh roii naricdoru nnd Sfinc Brdfutunfi fiir dir drutxrhc LitteraliirCLt'ijt- zig. 1882) : Eigenbrodt. llarirdoni und dir Erziih- lunfj in Reimversen (Berlin. 1884) ; and Witkow- ski. Dir Vorlaufer drr anakrronfi^chru Dirhtunij und Frirdrirh von Hagedorn (Leipzig, 1880). HAGEN, hii'gpn. The capital of the circle of the .same name in the Prussian Province of West- phalia, situated on the Volme, 44 miles from Cologne (Map: Prussia, B 3). It is an impor- tant industrial centre and has a number of tech- nical schools. Its chief manufactures are ma- chinery and iron and copjier proilucts. railway and telegraph supplies, cotton goods, paper, to- bacco, liquors, etc. There are electric street rail- ways, Hagen is mentioned as earlv as the elev- enth century, when it belonged to the .^rchliishop of Cologne. It received municipal rights from Friedricli Willielm I. of Prussia. Population, in 1890, 35,428; in 1900, 50,612.
 * ■ criminal judge he was especially well known.