Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/489

* HEMOGLOBIN. 437 HAFIZ. known. The compound of lupnioglobin with oxy- gen, called ox_v-h;vniogloliin, may l)e converted into ha-mogloi)in by keeping its concentrated aqueous solution lor some time in a sealed tube. Crystal- line hemoglobin has a dark-red color, which dif- fers somewhat with the direction from which the crystals are viewed. The crystals are very soluble in water, and combine readily not only with oxy- gen, Init also with nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and probably with carbon dio.xide. hen treated with acids or alkalies, luemoglobin is decomposed, yielding (1) a proteid called globin, and (2) a colored substance known as reduced hematiu, or t.oemochroiiagen. which is readily converted, by oxidation, into hsniatin (q.v.). Oxy-haiiiotilohbi, and probably ha-moglobin it- self, vary in chemical composition and in certain physical properties according to the source from which they are obtained. The preparation of a considerable quantity of oxy-haeraoglobin from the blood of certain animals is a matter of some difficulty. To obtain oxy-liaemoglobin from dog's blood, the latter is defibrinated, strained, shaken with ether, and cooled, the oxy-ha?moglobin sepa- rating out in the form of a ciystalline mass: it may be purified by recrystallizing from very lit- tle cold water, a small amount of alcohol being added to the aqueous solution. The crystals of oxy-li!EmogIobin have a bright scarlet color like that of arterial blood. Their constituent elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and iron. Nothing, however, is known of the chemical structure of oxy-ha'moglobin, and its molecular weight appears to be at least as high as 13,000. Carhon-monoxifle hccnwglohiii may be obtained by passing carbon-monoxide gas through an aqueous solution of oxy-hiemoglobin. The highly poisonous action of carbon monoxide is due to the formation of this stable compound in the blood, by which the latter loses its capacity for carrying oxygen. Caustic soda solution pro- duces, in blood containing carbon-monoxide hte- moglobin, a brilliant re<l precipitate: in normal blood the precipitate is of a brownish-green color. The presence of carbon mono.xide in blood may thus be readily demonstrated by means of this test. H.S;M0PHILIA, he'infl-fil'i-ii. or HEMATO- PHILIA, hi--in';i-tr.-fil'i-a (Xeo-Lat., from m/ia, haima, blor)d + pOin, philia, friendship, from (pi^eJv, philein, to love). A constitutional dis- ea.se. almost always hereditary, and charac- terized by a tendency to uncontrollable hemor- rhage from slight wounds or even spontaneously. The cause seems to be a greatly diminished coagulability of the blood, and a congenital thinning and degeneration of the walls of the blood-vessels. It is more common in males than in females. People who suffer from this con- dition are termed 'bleeders.' The prognosis is poor, most cases terminating fatally in child- hood, and only about ono-eighth of the patients reaching the adult age. The treatment is chiefly protective. Bleeding calls for the application of cold and styptics. The resulting ansemia is treated wit'i iron. See BLEEnixc. H.a:]yrOP'TYSIS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. al/iii, hnima, blood -|- TrTvs. expectoration, from TTTieiv, pfi/ein. to spit). Raising blood from the respiratory passages by coughing. The blood may come from the blood-vessels of the larynx, of the bronchi, or of the pulmonary vesicles. If the last alternative be true, the cause may be tubercu- losis; or the bleeding may take the place of menstruation. In tuberculosis it generally fol- lows breaking down of the lung tissue, though it may be the first .symptom of disease noticed. It is very rarely fatal, and in most cases should cause no alarm as to immediate evil results. In- deed, where there is incipient tuberculosis, an early hemorrhage is even beneficial in that it at once relieves congestion, and especially, by sharp- ly calling attention to a diseased condition, in- duces the patient to place himself under projjcr treatment. It occurs most frequently in cases of slowly progressing tuberculosis. Rest and admin- istration of morphine constitute the immediate treatment. Styptics, stich as gallic and tannic acid, are of no use. In all cases of coughing up of blood, the cause should be at once accurately ascertained, and suitable treatment promptly instituted, as the ho])e of permanent and com- plete cure in tuberculosis is largely bound up in ])rompt and sy.stcmatic treatment while the dis- ease is in the early stages. See Bleeding. HiEM'OERHOIDS. See Piles. HiE'MUS. The ancient name for the Balkans. HERETICO COM BXJEEN'DO (Lat., for burning the heretic). An ancient writ of the English law. directing the execution of the .sen- tence of burning at the stake against one who had been legally convicted of heresy. It was last employed in the ninth year of James I., and was abolished by act of Parliament in 1077 (29 Chas. II.. c. 9). 'Sec HEKE.SY. / HAFENREFFER. or HAFFENREFFER, ha'fcn-rOf'fer, ]M.ttiii-4S ( l.jijl-lOIO). A Ger- man Lutheran theologian, born at Kloster Lorch, Wiirttemberg. He studied pliilosophy and the- ology at Tiibingen, and in 1.590 was appointed professor of theology- and director of the theo- logical seminary there. In 1017 he succeeded Andreas Osiander as chancellor of the university and as provo.st of the cathedral. As a theologian HafenretTer was an orthodox Lutheran, and an opponent of Calvinism, although, unlike several of his contemporaries, he did not indulge in acrimonious polemics. His principal publication, the Loci Thcologici (1000: frequently reprinted), was u.sed as the official text-book of Lutheran dogmatic theology in Wiirttemberg and ,Sweden, where it supplanted Heerbrand's CompcDciiitm. His Trinphim E~ecJiieUs was equally popular in its day. HAFFNER, haf'ner, Paul Leopold ( 1829-99). A German prelate, born at Horb, Wiirttemberg, and educated at Tiibingen, He was ordained in 1852, and in 1880 was appointed Bi.shop of Jlainz by the Pope, in which capacity he secured from the Hessian Governmetit a revision of the ecclesiastical laws. In 1888 he was chosen as the leader of the pilgrims who visited Pope Leo XIII. on the occasion of his jubilee. Hafi'ner founded several Catholic societies and wrote the work entitled GriDidlinien der Philosophie (1881-83). HAFIZ, hii'flz ( ?-c.l3S9). A Persian poet of Shiraz, and one of the world's greatest names in lyrical poesy. The time when he flourished corresponds to the period of Cliaucer's fame in the West: but it was not in the field of narrative poetry that Hafiz was great: he poui-ed forth his spirit in the song of the nightingale and the rose,