Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/484

* HADES. 432 HADING. (Dent, xxxii. 22; Ps. lx.>txviii. 0, 11; Job xi. 8; Ps. Lxxxvi. 13; Prov. xv. U). The dead, though their bodies crumbled to dust in the graves, here contiiuie a bodiless, shadowy sort of existence. They lind themselves grouped according to earth- ly relationships, so that one who dies is "gathered to his fathers.' They retain in some way their general ajipearance at the time of death (cf. the realistic narrative 1. Sam. xxviii. 8-14). They also are possessed of unusual knowledge, so that there was a morbid curiosity to inquire of the dead through those who had 'familiar spirits' — i.e. whom the 'spirit' of the dead used as a medi- um of communication. Sucli conceptions were quite prevalent in early Israel ; the Hebrews shared them with the old Semitic world about them. The state was a permanent one, looked upon as the normal consequence of a life lived out to its full length. To go to Sheol before one had filled out his days was a misfortune, a calamity; but not, apparently, because the condi- tion there was supposed to be in itself imhappy, or atTected by the time of one's death. A violent death, however, seemed to endanger one's jjeaee in Sheol (cf. Num. xvi. 30, 33: I. Kings ii. 6, 9; Ps. Iv. 15). Jehovah was said to 'save from Sheol' when He delivered from ini)icnding death (cf. Psalms, passim). In Sheol all were supposed to meet on a common level, good and bad alike (cf. I. Sam. xxviii. 19). No vital connection with Jehovah belonged to the existence there. It was a gloomy, unattractive place. In later years, near and after the E.xile. modi- fications began to be introduced into these early conceptions of the Helu'ews. due in ]iart, perhaps, to fuller acquaintance W'ith Babylonian ideas. Hence we find the questionings and faint hopes of Job and some of the Psalms. These later con- ceptions were more definite than the earlier ones. We now read of the bars of Sheol (.lob xvii. 16). of its 'uttermost parts' (Is. xiv. 15-19; cf. Ezek. xxxii. 23). assigned, apparently, to special classes of the dead ; of the nations with their kings on thrones, etc. (Ezek. xxxii.). Its gloom is more Icpcnly felt now. In it there is no remembrance of Jehovah, no praise, no work, no desire, only a negative existence (Ps. vi. 5; Ixxxviii. 5-12; Eccl. ix. 5-10). It is under .Jehovah's power, but not where His presence is felt and enjoyed. Hence the tendency arose either ( 1 ) to conceive of the existence in Sheol as of two varieties — one most unhappy, the fate of the especially wicked, the other more like non-existence; or (2) to think that the good did not need to go to Sheol. or might at last be released from it. See as to ( 1) : Ps. Ixxxviii. 4-7: ix. 17: Prov. v. 5; Ezek. xxxi. 17; xxxii. 21 ; and as to (2) Gen. v. 24: Ps. xlix. 15; .Job xiv. 14; xix. 25, 20; Is. xxvi. 19; Dan. xii. 2. These tendencies were further developed in the last three pre-Cliristian centuries, and find full expression in the great body of Apocalyptic litera- ture belonging to tliis period. Hades came to he thought of as definitely divided into two main parts, each capable of subdivision, one the place of the righteous dead, the other that of the wicked. From the abode of the righteous a resur- rection to a new blessed life was thought possible or probable ; the wicked were doomed to stay in their already unhappy abode, or to meet with a further pimishment in Gehenna — i.e. the place of fiery torment. In close connection with Ge- henna was the great Abyss, in wiiich the evil angelic spirits met their due reward. In such developments the influence of Greek mythology is perceptible. The New Testament writings reflect these popu- lar conceptions, and use them to illustrate their teachings. Hence we find Jesus, in the parable in Luke .xvi. 19-31, speaking of Hades, where the rich man was tormented, and in its neighborhood, if not in Hades itself, 'Abraham's bosom,' where Lazarus is comforted. He refers to the "everlast- ing (ire' pre])ared for the Devil and liis angels and for wicked men (Matt. xxv. 41), and to 'Paradise,' where the repentant tliief would be with Him after death (Luke xxiii. 43). But such statements do not contain definite doctrine. The same may be said of other New Testament references to the post-mortem condition of the soul; such, e.g. as arc found in Rev. i. 18; vi. 8, etc. The bulk of the positive teaching of the New Testament has reference to the resurrection and its implication — the positive and blessed fel- lowship of repentant souls with their Heavenly Father. In view of this truth, thought and teach- ing in regard to Hades were relegated to a sec- ondary place, Jind lost their importance. Consult : Salmond. Christian Doctrine of Immortnlity (3d ed., Edinburgh, 1897) ; Alger, A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life (New York, 1871) ; Charles, Critical Hiatory of the Doctrine of Future Life (London. 1897); .Jastrow, Reli- (jion of Bahi/lonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898). See Ab.ddon ; Aryss; Esch.^tology ; Gehenna; Hell: IinroRiAiiTV. HADIK VON FUTAK, hii'dik fon foo'tak, Andreas, Count (1710-90). An Austrian gen- eral, born on the island of Schiitt (formed by the Danube, between Pressburg and Koniorn), of an ancient noble family of Hungary. He distin- guished himself in the wars against France and Prussia by his bravery and strategical skill. He was advanced to the rank of general in 1747. In the second year of the Seven Years' War il757) he suddenly made a, descent on Berlin and levied upon the city a Iribute of 300.000 Ihalers, which he distributed among his soldiers. After the treaty of peace (1703) he became (Joveriior of Transylvania. He was commander-in-chief of the Austrian Army during the Turkish campaign of 1789, but was compelled by illness to resign his command to Laudon. His diary contains much interesting information on the military history of the eighteenth century. HADING, a'duN', Jane ( 1859— ) . The stage- name of Jeanne-Alfri'dine Trefouret. a French actress, born at Marseilles. Her first appearance on the stage, she has recorded, was when she w-as three years old. At the age of fourteen, after di'aniatic studies at the Conservatoire of her na- tive city, she began her career in Algiers and Cairo. She first appeared in Paris in 1879. w^hen she sang in La petite marit'e and La helle Lurette. She was engaged in 1SS5 at the Gyiniiase. under the direction of M. Victor Koning, who after- wards was her husband, and she established her popularity by her enormous success in Oh- net's Le maiire dc forges; in Frou Frou (1886) she added still further to her reputation. She contributed to the success of M. Lavedan's Prince d'Aurec in June. 1892, and afterwards joined the Com^die Francaise. Sardou chose her for the title rule of his Murcette in 1896. She appeared in many parts of Europe and in South