Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/483

HADBOCK. in the English Navy. He commanded ships in various actions during the wars with Holland from 1057 to 1074. and in the battle of Solebay (May 28, 1072) fought his ship, the Royal James, so gallantly that when he was preseneted to the King after his return to England, the latter, as a mark of favor, took off the cap he was wearing and put it on Haddock's head. He was knighted in 1075, and in 1690. after the battle off Beachy Head, was made admiral, and, in conjunction with Henry Killigrew (q.v.) and Sir John Ashby, commander-in-chief of the fleet.

HAD'DON, Walter (1510-72). An English pliiluldgist, luirn in Buckinghamshire. He was invited to enter Cardinal College. Oxford, but preferred Cambridge, to which he had been elect- ed from Eton. Together with Cheke. he labored for the reform of the ecclesiastical laws, and in 1571 the result of their work was published under the title Kcfonnniin I.cijum EcrlesiitsticoniAi. He was appointed master of Trinity Hall in 1.551-52, and soon afterwards succeeded Owen Oglethorp as president of Magdalen College, Oxford. This appointment, however, was at variance with the founder's statutes, and Queen ilary. soon after her accession to the throne, caused Oglethorp to be reinstated. His sympathies were with the cause of Protestantism, and in 1503 he answered a letter published by a Portuguese priest named Jerome Osorio da Fonscca exhorting Queen Eliza- beth to become a Roman Catholic. Tliis was the beginning of a eontroversy which continued until his death. During his lifetime he enjoyed a great reputation as a writer of Latin prose; but later critics have not held his works in as much esteem as did his contemporaries. HADDON HALL. A fine specimen of the Engli^li baronial mansion, situated two miles southeast of Bakewell, in Derbyshire, England. It was originally in the possession of the Avenel family, but in the twelfth century passed into the hands of the Vernors. and. by the romantic mar- riage of Dorothy Vernon with 8ir John Manners, became, in the sixteenth century, the seat of the Rutland line. The building incloses two court- yards, and combines the late Norman with the Renaissance style of architecture. HA 'DEN, Sir Francis Seymour (1818—). An English surgeon and etcher. He was boni in Ijondon. September 10, 1818. He was edu- cated at University College, at the Sorbonne, and at the medical schools of Paris and Gren- oble; was admitted a fellow of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons of England (1857): distin- guished himself by his studies in ovariotomy and by his writings against cremation; but is best known as an etcher and an authority on etching. He was the founder and first president of the So- ciety of Painter Etchers, and has published: The Etched Work of liciiibraiirlt (1870-80) : Lectures; and Ahout Etching (1881) ; a collection of twen- ty-five plates from his own hand are contained in The Etched Work of F. S. Baden and Etudes a I'eau forte (1805-00). He married Miss Whist- ler of Balthnore in 1847. and visited the United States in 1882. IMany of his etchings have been exhibited in New York and Boston. The sub- jects of his plates are largely English land- scapes. Among the best known are: "Breaking Up of the Agamemnon." exhibited at the Phila- delphia Exposition in 1870; "Bulais Pier," after Turner; and, especially, "Twickenham Church." HADERSLEBEN, ha'ders-la'ben. The cap- ital of the circle of the same name in the Prus- sian Province of Schleswig-Holstein, situated on the Hadersleben Fiord, 32 miles north of Flens- burg (Map: Prussia, CI). Its Church of Saint Mar.y, originally erected in the thirteenth cen- tury, and rebuilt in the fifteenth century, is a handsome edifice. The town has a gynniasium dating from the sixteenth century, and a semi- nary for teachers. The industrial establishments comprise a foundry, machine-works, and wagon- factories. Hadersle'oen obtained nuinicipal rights in 1292. It suffered greatly from the wars be- tween Schleswig and Ilojstein. Population, in 1890. 8397; in 1900, 9201.

HADES, hā'dēz (Gk., Haidēs, or, Aidēs, from d, a priv., + , Lat. videre, Skt. vid, to see). (I) In Greek mythology, the god of the lower world. (See . ) In late writers the word is also used to denote the realm of H.ides, called by the earlier poets 'House of Hades'. The Greek conceptions of this region varied greatly. In the common belief it was in the depths of the earth, while another view placed the home of the dead in the far west, the region of night and sunset. Wherever situated, it was a gloomy region, with its wide gates ever open to receive newcomers, but closely guarded by Cerberus (q.v.) against any who would return. Here also was the joyless asphodel meadow, where the shades wandered in sadness. Early also arose the belief in the rivers of the lower world, Styx, Acheron, Cocytus, and Pyri- ])hlegethon, and the ferryman Charon (q.v.). Over against these views nuist be placed that of the abode of happiness for (he favored (see Ely.sium), and of punishment for the wicked. (See TAnTARU.s.) Consult Rohde, Psyche (Frei- burg. 1898). See Greek Religion. ( 2 ) In the Septuagint and Greek New Testa- ment the word signifies the realnj or abode of the dead. Other ancient peoples had corresponding terms. With the Egyptians the abode of the dead was Amentet (the west) ; the Babylonians called it Aralu (perhaps a cave) ; the Hebrews spoke of it as Sheol. The general idea among all these was the same — that of an unde- fined Bi,>»sterious locality under the earth to which, in some unexplained way, the souls of the dead go. there to exist for all time to come. But as to details, no one of these ancient peo- ples possessed a generally accepted, consistently worked out theory. Besides the changes due to the progress of thought from age to age, in the same period many different conceptions were cur- rent, difficult if not impossible to combine into one consistent doctrine. This fact is well illus- trated by the course of Hebrew and Christian thought on the subject. The Hebrew word Sheol. which the LXX. ren- dered by the Greek Hades, comes from a root meaning 'hollow'; hence probably it meant the supposed great cavern or hollow imder the earth where the dead abode. The term often indicates simply the grave. Another term similarly u.sed in the Old Testament is bor (pit). The grave and Sheol proper are not, however, the same. The word 'hell.' so frequently used in King ■Tanies's Version, originally- meant nuich the same as Sheol. Sheol was thought of as deep down