Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/452

* GWINNETT. 402 GYLLEMBOURG-EHRENSVARD. troops, he expressed liis resentment openly against Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh, who had been siiceessful in securing the hitter post. A duel followed in which both principals were wounded, Gwinnett mortally. Consult Dwight, Lives of the Hiyiwrs (new ed.. New York, 1895). GWYNIAD, gwin'i-ad (Welsh, whiting). A Britisli whiletish {Coreyonns faro), usually called a herring on account of its form, large scales, and silvery appearance. It is of inferior quality as a fooil'-fisli. Sec Whitefish. GWYNN, GWIN, or GWYN, Eleanob (l(i.50-87). An English actress, mistress of Charles II. The place of her birth is not definite- ly known. She was brought up in poverty, and as a child .'old oranges at the Theatre Royal in London. In 10(i5 she made her first public appearance as Cydaria in Dryden's Iiidinii Em- pt-roi; and from that time until 1682 (when she left the stage) was a great favorite in parts which required little emotional fervor. She was in no respect a great actress, and her sprightli- ness, beauty, and skill in dancing seem to have been the chief causes of her popularity. She had many lovers, among them Charles Hart, the actor, and Charles Sackville, who in 1077 became sixth Earl of Dorset. About 1009 she became the mistress of the King, by whom she had two sons, Charles (1070). called Beauclerk, who was subsequently made Duke of Saint Albans, and James (1071 ), who died young. She retained her popularity throughout life. As the King's mis- tress, she was received into the best of London society, and she was in favor with the people for her many acts of charity. She was illiterate, even for those times, but her animation, humor, and good nature seem to have more than over- balanced her defects. According to Burnet and Evelvn, the dying request of Charles 11. w^as, "Let not poor" Nelly starve." After the King's death she led a quiet life. She died in London, and was buried in the Church of Saint IMartin's- in-the-Fields. According to her request. Dr. Teni- son. afterwards .rchbishop of Canterbury, preached her funeral sermon. Consult: Seymour. Memoirs of the Life of FAeanor Gn-inn (London, 1752) ; Cunningham, The Story of yell Gwyn (London. IS.jO)'. GYA, gi':i. A town in Bengal. British India. See Gav.. GYAROS, jl'a-ros. One of the Cyclades (q.v.), known at present as Giura, and situated 10 miles northwest of Syros. Area, about 12 square miles. It is mountainous and uninhabited, and v,as once used by Rome as a place of banish- ment. GYAS, jl'os. ( 1 ) A companion of .Eneas, and commander of one of his ships. (2) A Latin in the army of Tnrnus, slain by .95neas. GYBE. See .TiUE. GYGES, gl'jez (Lat., from Gk. ri)7/f). King of Lydia from B.C. 689 to 654, and the founder of the powerful dynasty of the MennnadiP. Ac- cording to Herodotvis. Gyges was the favorite of King Candaules of the ancient line of the Hera- elides, and cnnimandpr of the household troops. Candaules, proud of his beautiful queen. Nyssia concealed Gyges in the royal bedchamber one night to prove the truth of the extravagant praises he had bestowed on her beauty. The. Queen became aware of the presence of Gyges, but pretended ignorance, and suuunoning him on the morrow, offered him the choice between her hand, together with the throne of Candaules, and death, viyges slew the King and seized the crown. The Lydians resisted his usurpation until the oracle at Delphi, bribed b_v gifts of immen.se value, declared in his favor. He waged success- ful wars against the cities of the coast, and ex- ten<led the boundaries of the Empire. I'lato haa a fable in which Gvges is represented as a shep- lierd of Candaules, who had discovered a nuigic ring by which he was enabled to make himself invisible, by which means he murdered the King and secured the sovereignty. According to a third tradition, Gyges overthrew Candaules with the aid of foreign mercenaries. The 'riches of Gyges' and the 'ring of Gyges' were popular prov- erbs in ancient and mediaeval times. GYLDEN, ynl'dan, .ToilAX ArousT HuGO ( 1841-96) . A Swedish astronomer, bom and edu- cated at Helsingfors. Finland. Having been an assistjint to Struve in the Observatory at Pul- kov.a, he was appointed director of the Royal Observatory at Stockholm. .Sweden, in 1871. In 1884 he was appointed director of the observatory at the t'niversity of Goettingen. He published Vniersuehunyen iiher die Konstitution der Atmos- lihiire (1807-70): Htudien niif de.m (iehicte der Htoruiujittheorie ( 1871) ; Die (Irididlehreii der As- tronomie nneh Hirer yeschiehtlieheii EnliriekliDig daryestcllt (18771: Tersuch einer nutthemati- schi-n Theorie zur Erkliiruny des Liehtircehsels der rcriixderliehen interne (1880); Die iiitermediSre Tiahn des Mondes (1883); Untersuehungeii iiher die Konreryenz der Keihen uelche zur Darstel- lung der Koordinaten der Planeten angeicendet iverden (1887); ]iotivelles reeherches svr les series employees dans les theories des plandtes (1893) ; and Traite des orbites absohies des huit plaiietes priiieipales (1894). GYLIPPUS, ji-llp'pus (Lat.. from Gk. TiXiw- iroj). A Spartan general in the Pcloponnesian war. son of Cleandridas. the councilor and fellow exile of the young King Pleistoanax. He was appointed the conunander of the expedition sent to aid the Syracusans against the Athenians, B.C. 414. Though his ships were so few that Nicias at first, thought they belonged to an in- significant jirivateering expedition. Gylippus, with the reenforcements drawn from various Sicilian towns, and by his skillful operations, completely defeated the Athenians, and captured their commanders. Nicias and Demosthenes, in R.C. 413. .fter the capitulation of Athens to Lysandcr. Gylippus was conunissioned by the lat- ter to take home the treasure, but stole a con- siderable portion, and was condemned to death for the crime. He escaped, however, and died in exile. Consult Plutarch. Nieias. 28 : Diodorus Sicubis. xiii.. 106: and Tlniiydidos. vii. GYLLEMBOTJRG - EHRENSVARD, yiil'- Icm-boor-y'a'ren-svard, Thom.sixe Christine, Baroness (I773-1S56). A Danish novelist, born at Copenhagen. Born Buntzen. she married at seventeen Peter. dreas Heiberg. and had one son. .Johan Ludvig Heiberg (q.v.). Her hus- band was banished for political activity (1799), and she obtained a divorce and married a Swed- ish political refugee. Baron Ehrensviird, who assumed in Copenhagen his mother's name, Gyl- lembourg, and who died in I8I5. After this she lived with her son, the poet Heiberg, and at fifty-