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* GUTHRIE. 393 GUTSCHMID. teadiers which came into extended use in schools. He was an experimentalist rather than a mathe- niatieal physicist, and was thoroughly practical in his teaching and investigations; he was also a student of the nuxlern languages and a iiuiu of letters, having published, under the pseudonym of Frederick Cerny. a ])oem entitled Thr Jew (181)3) ; Elcmciils of Heat and Xon-Mrliillic Cliciiiislrj/ (lS(i8); .ilagnetisin and Elcclricily (1875); Introduction to Physics (1877); and the First Booh- of Knoirledge (1881). GUTHRIE, George .Umes ( 17851 8.j(i ). An English .--urgeon. burn in London of Scottish pa- rents. He was admitted to merabership in the Royal College of Surgfcons in 1801. Asarmysur gcon he served in the Peninsular eam]iaign. and ills work there won the praise of the Duke of Wellington. In 1816 he began a series of lec- tures in surgery to the officers of the army and navy, which he continued for nearly thirty years. His ])rincipal works are: On Oiniftliot M'onnds of the Kxtrcmitics Requiring the Different Opera- tions of Ainputntion. and Their After Treatment (6th ed. 1855). and his Lectures on the Operative .S'»n/(M/ of the Eye (3d ed. 1838). GUTHRIE, .James (1702-18(i,9) . An Ameri- can lawyer and politician, born near Bardstown, Ky., and educated at JIcAlister's Academy in that town. He was engaged in the Mississippi River trade for several years, during, which he made a number of trips down the river to Xew Orleans on flat-boats, returning to Kentucky each time on horseback. He then decided to enter the legal profession, studied and liegan practicing at Bardstown, and removed to Louis- ville in 1820, on receiving his appointment as cnnnnonwealth's attorney. For fifteen years con- secutively he served as a member of the State Legislature, for the last six years being a member of the Senate. In ISJO he was president of the State Constitutional Convention, and from 1853 to 1857 was Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Franklin Pierce. In 1860 he became president of the Louisville and Nash- ville Railroad. In the same year he was a candi- date for the Presidential nomination at the Democratic Xatioual Convention at Charleston. S. C, but when the secession movement began he took his stand as a stanch friend of the Union, and by his exertions contriluited mucli toward kee]jing Kentucky in the Union. He was a delegate to the Chicago Democratic Convention in 1864, and from 1865 to 1868, when ill health compelleil him to resign, was a member of the United States Senate. In 1<866 he was a delegate to the National Union Convention at I'hiladel- phia. GUTHRIE. TiioMA.s (1803-73). An eminent Scottish pulpit orator and philanthropist. He was born .July 12, 1803, at Brechin, Forfarshire, where his father was a merchant and banker. He went through the curriculum for the ministry at the University of Edinburgh, and devoted two additional winters to the study of chemistry, natural history, and anatomy. Jican while he was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Brechin in 1825. He subsequently spent six months in Paris, studying comparative anatomy, chemistry, and natural philosophy. Retirning tc Scotland, for two years he conducted the affairs of a hank agency in Brechin. In 1830 he became minister of Arbirlot, in his native Vol. IX.— 26. county: and in 1837 was appointed one of the ministers of Old Greyfriars Parish in Edinburgh. In 1843 Guthrie joined the Free Church, and for a long series of years continued to minister to the large and inlluential congregation of Free Saint John's in Edinburgh. He came forward in 1847 iis the advocate of ragged seliools (q.v.), the first of which he liimself eslal>lished. He also earnestly exerted himself, in m;iny ways, in opposition to intemperance and other prevailing ices. He retired from the ministry on account of his health in 1864, and from that time until his death in Saint Leonard's-on-the-Sea, February 24, 1873, he was editor of the .Sundai/ Magazine. (iithrie possessed great rhetorical talent, and his style was remarkable for the abundance and ariety of the illustrations he used. His most important pulilislied works are: Tlic (lospcl in Etekicl, a series of discour.scs (1855) ; The Way to Life, a volume of .sermons (1862) ; .4. Plea for Drunkards and Against Drunkenness, a pamphlet (1851) ; .1 Plea for Ragged Schools, a pamphlet (1847). followed bv a second and a third plea (1848 and 1840), the latter with the former re- published under the title of Seed-Tinie and Har- vest of Ragged Schools (I860); The City: Its iS'iHS and /Sorrows (1857). His A ulohiography and Memoir was publislicd by his .sons (London, 1874-75). For his life, consult Smeaton (Lon- don, 1900). GUTHRIE, Thomas Ax.stey (1856—). An English author ( pseiidonym, F. Axstey), born at Kensington. After graduating at Cambridge, he was called to the bar in 1880, but immediately took up writing short stories for the magazines. His works include: Vice T'cr.w (1882), which was successfnllv dramatized; The Giant's Robe (1883): The Black Poodle (1884); The Tinted ^enus (1885); The Fnllrn Idol (1886); The Pariah (1880) : Voces PopuH (1892) ; The Trav- cllinq Companions (18921; Under the Rose (1894) ; Lyre and Lancet (1895) ; The filalcment of Ktclla Maherhf (1896) ; Paleface and Redskin (1898): and The Brass Bottle (1900). "Many of his recent stories have first appeared in Punch. GUTHRIE CENTRE. A to i and the eoun- ly-seat of (Uithric County. Iowa, 59 miles west of Dcs Moines, on the Soutli Coon River and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Riiilroad (Map: Towa, C 3). It has some manufactures and is surrounded liy a farming and stock-raising dis- trict. The water-works are owned bv the munici- pality. Po|)ulation. in 1890, 1037: in 1900, 1193. GUT MANUFACTURE. See Catoit: Goi.n- Beatehs' Sktx. GUTNIC, gTmt'nlk. or GUTNISH. The dia- lect of the island of Gotland in the Baltic, fonn- ing, with Swedish and Danish, the philological group known as East Norse. It is preserved in ninie inscriptions extending from the seventh to the sixteenth century, and also in several four- teenth century manuscripts. GUTSCHMID, goot'shmit. Ai.FREn vox (1S31- 87). . German historian, born at Losehwitz, Saxony, lie was educated at Leipzig and Bonn, and held the chair of history at the universities of Kiel. Kiinigsberg, .Tena. and Tiibingen. His writings, mostly on the hi-^tory of Greece and Persia, and on ancient chronology and annalism, include: Fnfersuehungen iiher die Oeschichte des Konigreichs Osrocne (1887), and (leschichte Irons,