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* GURNEY. 390 GUSSENBAUER. Latin there from 1859 to 1863, and in 1863-67 assistant professor of Latin. In 1808 he became assistant in history, in 1869 university professor of history, and in 1881) ik-Leau professor of his- tory. He was editor of the orth American Re- view from 1868 to 187-2, and dean of Harvard from 1870 to 1876. In 1860 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Si'iences. As an academic lecturer he was ex- lecdingly able. GTJRNEY, Sir Goldsworthy (1793-1875). An En.L'lisli inventor, born in Cornwall. He was probalily the first to devise the oxyhydrogen Idowpipe, tlip so-called Drummond light, and Ihe first to produce and emjdoy the high-pressure sU-am-iet for purposes of rapid locomotion. In 1827 he built a steam-carriage, in which he made a journey of 85 miles in ten hours. He was knighted' in 1863. He published a Course of Lectures on Chemical Science Delivered at the Hurreii Institution, and several other works. GTJR"NEY, Joseph John (1788-1847). An Engli-h CJuaker, prominent as a philanthropist and reformer. He was born at Earlham Hall, near Norwich, was educated privately at Oxford, and, in 1818, became a minister of the Society of Friends, His life was devoted to the prose- cution of benevolent enterprises, to many of which he also made liberal gifts. He co.'iperated with his sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Fry, in prison reforms, and with Clarkson, Wilberforce, and Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton (his brother-in-law) in the advocacy of the abolition of slavery. He made a nundier of visits to various European countries and to the United States in the inter- est of the Society of Friends, and in the I'nited States spoke frp(|uently in public in favor of the abolition of slavery "and capital punishment. Among his numerous works are: Observations on the Distinguishing Views and Practices of the Society of Friends (1824) ; and A ^yinter in the ^Vest Indies Described in Familiar Letters to Henry Clay of Kentucky (1840). Consult: Braithwaite. :l/c«ioiV.s of Joseph John Gurney (3d ed.. London. 1902) : and Mrs. Geldart, i?emi- iiiscencrs uf a (lood Man's Life (1853). GUROWSKI, goorov'ske. Adam, Count (1805- 66). A Polish author, long resident in the United States. He was < xpclled from Polish schools in 1S18 and in 1819. for having taken part in revolutionary demonstrations, and subspriuently studied in (Jcrmany. He returned to Warsaw in 1825, however, and had a share in the insur- rection of 1830, after the failure of which he fled to Paris, w'here be joined the Polish com- mittee. In 1835 he published La verite sur la liussic, a work advocating Panslavism, which was so favorably received in Russia that he was re- called and employed in the Russian civil service, though his ooiifiscated estate was not restored. In consequence of opposition to him at court, he left the country in 1844. studied at Heidelberg, taught at Bern. Switzerland, and in 1849 came to the United States. He was for several years engaged in active literary work, and from 1861 to 1863 was employed as a translator in the State Department of Washington. He published- La civilisation et Iti Russie (1840): Pcnsecs sur I'avcnir des Polonais (1841): Ans meinem Ccdankcnhuche (1843): Die letzten Ereitjnissc in den drei Theilen des aft en Polen (1846); Le Panslavisme (1848) ; Russia As It Is (1854) ; The Vurkish Question (1854); A Year of the War (1855); America and Europe (1857); Slavery in History (1860) ; and a diary of notes on the Civil War. GUR'TEEN, Stepiiex Hi .mpiirevs Vili.ieks (1840 1)8). An American clergyman, born at Blcan House, near Canterbury. England, and educated at Cambridge, and subsequently at Paris and Uerlin. He was professor of Latin at Hobart College, held rectorates at Bufl'alo. N. Y., and at Toledo. Oliio, ahd was dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral. Springfield. 111. His publications are chiefly devoted to the discussion of English char- ity organiziition, which he was instrumental in introducing into the United States. They in- clude: What Is Chariti) Orqanization? (4th ed. 1882); How Pdupers Arc Made (1883); Hand- book of Charity Organization (1882); and Be- ginnings of Charity Organization in the I'nited Stairs <)/' America (1894). GURTH. A swineherd and bondsman of Ced- ric tlic Saxon, in Scott's Ivanhoe. GUR'TOW, 0.MS[ER, See G.mmer C;rRTOX'.s Xeedle. GTTRI7, goo'rijij (Skt., teacher). A spiritual guide or teacher among the Hindus. The title was applied to a religious preceptor from whom a youth received initiatory instruction, and who conducted the necessary ceremonies up to the time when the lad was invested with the sacred cord, as described in detail in Manu and the other law books. The guru ■ not infrequently possesses considerable temporal power, as, for example, in Nepal (q.v.). Among the Sikhs (q.v. ) the guru was at first the spiritual guide, l3ut came in time to be practicall.y the temporal ruler or leader, while the teaching was done by the other priests, who acted as guardians of the sacn'd bonks. GURY, gi.i're', Joseph Pierre (1801-66). A Frcncli Roman t^itholic theologian. He was born at Maillcroncourt, and at the age of twenty-three entered the Society of Jesus. After teaching at variiius .Tesuit colleges, he became professor of moral theology at Vals. His principal works, the Compendium Theologiw Moralis (4th ed. 186S; German trans., 1869). and Casus Con- sciriifiw in Pr(Fcipt(as Qu<Fstiones Theologian M<'ralis (1805), gave rise to considerable polem- ical discussion. They have been frequently re- published in France. Germany, and elsewhere, and have also been used as text-books. GTTSECK, goo'sek. Berxd von. The pseudo- nym of the Gennan novelist and military writer Karl Gustav von Berneck (q.v.). GTJSSENBATIER, gu'sfn-bou'er, Karl(1842- 1903). - Austrian surgeon. He was Ijorn at Ober-Vellach. Carinthia. and was educated at Vienna, where for some time he was assistant to Billroth. In 1875 he was appointed professor of surgery at Li&ge, in 1878 he was made professor at Prague, and in 1894 he became professor of surgery in Vienna. He was the first to construct a serviceable artificial larynx. His researches were devoted chiefly to gastrotomy. removal of the larynx, partial intestinal resection, and methods of artificial bone-severance. His princi- pal works include: Die fraumatischen Vcrletznn- gen (1880): Sephthiimie. Pyohiinrie und Pyo- Srphthiimie (1882). and Reitrag zur Extirpation von lieckenknochengeschwiilsten (1891).