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* GUNTEK. 387 GUNTHEK. bear the imjjiint of Ihat firm. His best-known novels are: ilr. Uariics of .Vcif York (18S7); .1/;-. Potter of Texas (1888); Tluil J'reiHhiiniii ! (188'J); Jack Curzon (1899); and .1 Uunufuv- tiller's Daiiyhler (1901). As a playwright lie is also well known, his most successful plays beinf; Prince Karl and Mr. lianies of A'ea" York. GUNTER, Edsiunu (1581-1(526). An English mathematician and astronomer, born in Hert- fordshire. He was educated at Westminster and at Christ Church, O.xford, and became professor of astronomy in Gresham College (ltil9). He was an enthusiastic student of mathematics, and a genius of no mean order. He obsei-vcJ the variation of the magnetic needle, improved llie instruments for navigation, and in- vented the surveyor's chain. The latter, known as Gunter"s chain, is UC feet long, and is com- posed of 100 links of 7.92 inches each. It is con- venient in practice, since it is graduated on the decimal scale, and since 10 square chains make an acre. For certain purposes, however, chains (or steel tapes) of 50 or 100 feet (called engi- neer's chains) are more convenient. Gunter's sector or line consisted of a scale graduated according to the logarithms of numbers, of sines, and of tangents, so that areas, heights, volumes. and other magnitudes could easily be calculated therefrom. He was the first (1622) to give the annual variation of the magnetic declination, and to use arithmetical complements in logarithmic work. His chief works are the Xew Projection of the Sphere (1623). and the Canon Triaiir/u- loniDi, or Table of Artificial Sines and Tangents (1620). His collected works were published in 1624 (2d ed. 1636; 5th ed. 1673). GUNTHEK, gwin'ter. A Burgundian king, in the yihchiiifienlied. the brother of Kriem- liild. and liusliand of Brunhild, whom he won with the assistance of Siegfried. He was put to death by his sister Kriemhild. GUNTHEB, or GUNTHERUS. A German p(et, historian, and theologian, born in the twelftli century. He was long established as a scholiast in South Germany, and became the teacher of Prince Konrad, a son of the Emperor Frederick Barba- rossa. About 1215 he entered the Cistercian eon- vent of Pairis. in Alsace. He is the author of the two Latin epic poems Solymornts and LigiirinKS. Holi/mariiis was dedicated to Frederick Barbnros- sa in 1186. and treats of the First Crusade; but nothing remains of the work except a fragment discovered by Wattenbach in the Cologne Li- brary. The poem entitled Lifiurinus is considered the greatest media'val Latin epic of Germany. It consists of six hooks, and celebrates the achieve- ments of the Emperor Frederick in Xorthern Italy. The facts upon which it is based are taken largely from the dexla Fritlcriei of Otto von Freising. Apart fiom its high poetic value, it presents a faithful |iic-ture of the conditions nf the time. GtJNTHER, gt.in'ter, Albert (IS.'.O— ). A German-English zoiilogist, born at Esslingen (Wiirttemberg). He was educated at the uni- versities of Tubingen. Berlin, and Bonn, and ap- pointed an assistant in the zoiilogical section of the British Museum in 1856. In 1875 he was ap- pointed director of the zoiilogical section, and in 1895 was superannuated. He foundeil and became the first editor of the Record of Zoijlopical I.ilrr- aturc in 1864. was a co-editor of the Annalx and Ma(/azine of yalural History, and contributed the reports on "Shore • Fishes," "Deep-Sea Fishes," and "Pelagic Fishes" to the oya</e of H. il. S. Vhallcni/cr (1887-88). In 1878 a medal of the Hoyal Society was awarded him for his services in the promotitm of zoological science, and in particular for his researches in herpe- tology and ichthyology, llis publications include: Medizinische Zooloi/ic (1858); Valulotjue of the liutrachid Sulientia in the Collection of the Brit- ish Musenni ( 1859) ; a similar catalogue of fishes (8 vols., 1859-70) ; The (ligo.ntic Land-Tortoises, l.iriny anil E.rlincI (1877) ; and an Introduction to the Stndii of Fishes (1880). GiJNTHER, AXTOX (1783-1863). A Roman Catholic theologian and philosopher. He was born November' 17, 1783, at Lindcnau, in Bo- hemia. He studied law- at Prague, but turned later to reading for orders, became a priest in 1820. and after 1824 lived in Vienna, where he died February 24, 1863. His life studies were directed to reconstructing Catholic dogmatics as a rational science, aiming to settle once for all the ancient strife between reason and religion. Inasmuch as all his attempts to reach this goal by means of pure reason resulted in pantheism, which he saw to be irreconcilable with the doc- trines of bis Church, he sought to solve his diffi- culties by an apjjeal to inner experience and self- consciousness. Thus gradually arose his theo- logico-speculative system first presented in his Vorschule znr spekulatiren Theologie des posi- tiven Christentums (1828). In his Der letzte Symholiker (1834) the Tiibingen tendencies are attacked. By these and similar works, Giinther gained munerous adherents, whose "Yining Ca- tholicism' spread through Ciermany and Austria. Giinther received and declined a call to the Uni- versity of JIunich. preferring to remain a priest, althovigh his collected works were ])ut on the Index Lihrornm Prohibitorum in 1853. His col- lected works apjieared in Vienna in 1882. For his life, consult Knoodt (Vienna. 1881). GtJNTHER, JoiiANN Christian (1695-1723). A Carman lyric poet, born at Striegau. He was the most gifted poet of an unpoetic generation, but wasted his genius in dissipation. At twenty-two he won recognition by a poem on the Peace of Pas- sarowitz (1718). His later vagabond lyrics are marked by more sincerity and freedom. cleverne.ss and imagination than were common in his time, but they were as unconventional in morals as in treatment. Goe4;he put Giinther among those from whom he got his first lyric inspiration. Giinther's poems (1742) are edited by Fulda in Kiirschner's Deutsche Xationtillitteratur. vol. xxxviii.. by Tittmann (1S74). and by Litzmann (in Rechnns T'nirersrrl-Bihiifilhek). Consult: Ivalbeck. eue Beitiiifie zur Biofiraphie des Dich- ters Christi<in (liinther (Leipzig. 1879); and Litzmann. Xnr Tcxtkritik and Riographie Johann Christian Gi(nthers (Frankfort, 1880). GUNTHER, .ToiiANN Heixricii Friedrich ( 1794-1858). A (ierman veterinary sirgeon. bom at Kelbra. and educated at .lena and Berlin. He was director of the Veterinary College at Hanover from 1847 until his death. 'From 1821 to 1835 he devoted himself cliieflv to the he;iling of con- tractures. He adoi)(e(l the subcutaneous method of operating in 1835, and after 1846 collaborated with his son on dental diseases. Their treatise, entitled I'rhrr yrsiinde and kraiike Z.iihne lies