Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/433

* GUNS. 383 GUNS. icarmina:. At pii'M'iil. llic yoncial opinion in all navies is that the l^incli u'nn is the larjjest nccos- sarv or desirable to ninunl on Imard ship. Wire-wound cuns are used in the British scr- viee, and some lew fjuns of this type have been built for .Japan, but the naval authorities of other countries do not favor them. Ample strength is usiially seeired by forged steel tubes, jaeket. and hoops to stand the pressures de- sirable with modern powders, but if transverse trimnions and resting on little wooden wheels i-alled the trucks. The sides of the carriages were held together by framing called transoms, the rear one supporting the brc'Cch and elevating device. The latter consist<'d at lirst of a large wooden wedge, bit was re])laced by an iron ele- vating screw. ( See illustrations under Ord- nance. ) The recoil was cheeked by a heavy rope called the- breeching, passing annind the breech of the gun and .secured at the ends to the ship's Table of Elements of Late Types of United States Naval (Jnss (Models of 1S99) Giving perforatiou of face-liardeiied armor, service velocities, at ranges up to :)000 yardB, with smokeless po Capped and uncapped armor-piercinii; projectiles, at normal impact. s 5 g 1

Hi ill sis X .2 ■5 1

if •38 s 4^

II £ Perforation at muzzle ^ Harve,v nickel- steel Krupp armor H li. ■0 to II 11 91 11 BE c •SI It 3-inch, Mark I 4-imh. Mark VH.... 5-inch. >Iark V 6-inch. Mark VI 7-inch Mark I .87 2. 86 1.46 8.37 13.33 18. 33.4 52. 50 50 50 50 45 45 40 40 154.3 204.5 255. 300. 315. 343. 400. 493. 5 15 27 46 74 115 240 385 13 32 6U 100 165 250 500 850 2.800 2.900 2.900 2.900 2,900 2.800 2,800 2,800 709 1,870 3,503 5,838 9,646 13,602 27,204 46,246 4.4 6.7 8.6 10.9 13.2 15.0 20. 25. 3.6 5.7 7.5 9.3 11.8 13.6 18.6 23.4 4.4 6.4 8.4 10.9 13.2 15. 20. 26. 3.6 5.6 6.6 7.3 10.5 12.1 17.1 21.7 2.130 2.380 2.460 2.525 2.580 2.530 2.585 2,620 H-inch. Mark V Ill-inch. .Mark III r2-inch. Mark III Perloration at 1000 yds. Co Perforation at 2000 yds. 6- Perforation at 3000 yds. Harvey nickel-steel Krupp armor Harvey nickel-steel Krupp armor Harvey nickel -steel Krupp armor EC Si 11 Ed a! 03 11 If 0. 11 ft ^1 Si ^1 if ■Si EC Sis n 11 = ? Pa 3.1 5.3 11.4 13.2 18.3 23. 4.4 6. 7.7 10.1 11.8 16.7 21.4 3.1 5.2 6.7 8.8 11.4 13.2 18.3 23. 4.4 6.6 6.8 8.9 10.4 15. 19.4 1.620 1,9.56 2,086 2.185 2,296 2.290 2.390 2.450 4. 5.7 7.4 9.8 11.7 16.5 21.2 3.4 4.7 6.4 8.6 10.4 15. 19.6 4. 6.5 7.2 9.7 11.7 16.5 21.2 3.4 4.7 6. 7.6 9.1 13.5 17.9 1,605 1,770 1,805 2.040 2.070 2.210 2,295 3.2 4.6 6.2 8.6 10.3 15. 19.5 3.9 5.3 7.4 9. 13. 17.9 3.2 4.6 5.9 8.3 10.3 15. 19.5 4-incli, Mark VII 0-inch, Mark V 0-inch, Mark VI 7-inch Mark I 3.6 5.2 6 5 8-inch, Mark V 10-inch. Mark III 12-inch. Mark III 7.9 11.5 16.2 strength alone were to be considered there would be no objection to additional safety secured by wire-winding. The great defect of wire-wound guns is their lack of longitudinal stiffness, the wire not only failing to add any strength in this direction, but interfering with the stiffening due to the hoops. Should the time come when greater pressures than those now used are found desir- able, then wire-winding may he resorted to, but until that time arrives it is not likely to become general. Higher pressure in ginis en- tails an increase in temperature in the chamber and consequent additional erosion of the bore, and also adds to the ditficulty of cheeking the escape of gas to the front around the projectile and to the rear around the breech gas-check. MOIXTS FOR X.WAL GUNS. Jlounts for naval guns are of three tyijes, tur- ret, deck, and rail. The principal features of mounts are the method of checking recoil, re- turning the gun to the firing position after recoil, elevating, training, sighting, and loading. Up to the middle of the nineteenth century naval guns were moiuitcd upon simple wooden carriages with heavy side frames or tindicrs supporting the side; the length of the breech was sufficient to allow the gun to recoil several feet, and this not only reduced the strain on the breeching, but also allowed the gun to come in far enough so that it was easily loaded. After loading, the gun was run out an(l trained b,- tackles. Some guns were pivoted amidships, and these had a lower struc- ture mounted on trucks called a slide, on which the gun-carriage slid during recoil. The re- coil was taken u)i by breeching secured to the slide, and the strain transferred to the deck by means of a pivot belt. The luoadside mounts or carriages continued in favor until llie Civil War. when the turret system was established by the monitors. Jloditications of the old carriages were still used on the broadside, though they ha<l begun to be made of iron and brass. The increased size of ships, however, caused the pivot carriages to be fitted for shifting from side to side, and the convenience of training tlicm resulted in the so-called nnizzle-pivoi carriage, which was only the old pivot carriage fitted with an arm at the forward end pivoted at the ship's side. About I.S80 the central-pivot carriages were brought