Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/420

* GUNCOTTON. 370 GTJNGL. tube, and the paper witliin the tube is carefully watched. In order that the guncotton shall pass the test, no colored line equal in depth to that on the standard tint paper must apjiear on the test paper within ten minutes when the gun- cotton is exposed to a temperature of 73° C. (170° F.). This test is known as the Abel heat test. Aside from tlie use of cellulose nitrates for guncotton for military purposes, for which object the product is finely ])ulped and compressed and undergoes the highest nitration possible, it is also employed in various important industrial applications. The solubility of pyroxylin in ether alcohol, which was discovered by Dr. May- nard, of Boston, in 1847 or 1848, afforded the liquid since known as collodion (q.v.), which can be used as a substitute for sticking plaster and as a vehicle for medicine. Subsequent applica- tions of the cellulose nitrates have been tlie coat- ing of photographic plates by collodion, the manu- facture of celluloid (q.v.), the pyroxylin var- nishes invented by Crane, and the making of artificial silk, artificial leather, and transparent films for photography. From the returns of the last United States census it appeared that in 1900 there were ten establishments in three different States engaged in the manufacture and sale of cellulose nitrates, and that they employed $255,343 of capital and had 163 employees. There were produced 922,79!) pounds of the various cellulose nitrates, having a value of .$486,773, and there were consumed 691,115 pounds of cotton and 8,247,668 pounds of mixed acids. In addition there were pro- duced and consumed in other establishments 2,- 739.834 pounds of cellulose nitrates, making a total product for the year of 3,662,633 pounds of cellulose nitrates. Bibliography. Consult: Munroe, Chemistry and Exfilosioes (Newport Torpedo Station, 1888) ; Guttmann, The Manufacture of Explosives (New York, 1895) ; Wisser, Compressed Gun- cotton for Military Use (New York, 18861 ; For- ster, Schiesstcolle in Hirer militiirischen Veriven- dung (Berlin, 1888) ; Cundill, A Dictionary of Explosives (London, 1895) : Romocki, Geschichtc der Sprengstoffchemic, der fiprcnf/tcchnik viul des TorpedoiC'ese-ns his ,^i(m Beginn der neuesfen Zeit (Berlin, 1895) ; Parrozzani, Del fulmicotone e del cotone pirico (A.guila. 1884); Lubarsch, Die chemische Priifung des comprimierten Pyroxy- lins (Berlin, 1885) ; Munroe and Chatard, Report of Chemicals and. Allied Products for the United States Census of 1900 (Washington, 1902) ; Mun- roe, Index to the Literature of Explosii^es (Balti- more, 1893). See Cellulose; Explosi-es; Smokeless Powder. GUN'DAMTJK'. See Gandamak. GUNDOF'ERtJS (Lat.. from Gk.TovySacpipo!. Goundaphoros : an attempt to transliterate the Iranian name Vindafarnti) . An Indo-Bactrian King, who is said in early Christian legends to have been converted by the Apostle Thomas, the missionary to India. In the Sanskrit inscription of Takht-i-Bahi, of A.n. 44, and on his coins, the King is called Guduphara, or Gadaphara, Hyndo- phcrres. etc. In later Christian legends he ap- pears, under the corrupted name Gathaspar or Caspar, as the third of the Magi wlio worshiped the Christ-child at Bethlehem. Consult Justi, Iranischesnamenhuch (Marburg, 1895). GUNDUK'. See Ganuak. GUN'DULF. T he reputed founder of an heret- ical sect in Artois, the Bishopric of Li&ge, and elsewhere, in the eleventh century. Of Gundulf himself nothing is known. In 1025 a company oi his fellows was arrested by Gerhard, Bishop of Cambrai and Arras, and brought to trial. Ac- cording to the rules which they avowed, they had forsaken the world, were striving to keep the flesli in sulijection, to support themselves by their industry, to be honest in their dealings, and to love all who were willing to join them. In their assemblies they were accustomed to pray and to wash one another's feet. Gerhard, how- ever, charged them with rejecting the sacraments, the Roman Catholic Church, the Pope's suprem- acy, the hierarchical .system, and all clergy what- ever, and teaching that the consecrated elements of the Lord's Supper were nothing more than what they appeared to be,; that marriage was to be avoided, that church buildings and altars were not holy, and that crosses, crucifi.xcs, and images tended to idolatry. At length, under the com- bined influence of the Bishop's arguments and of torture, they agreed to recant their errors. The acts of the synod are the only source from which knowledge of this sect can be obtained, and after the trial neither Gundulf nor bis followers can be traced. The acts are best edited by Federicq, Corjtus Documcntorum Int/uisitionis Necrlandicw (Ghent, 1889). Consult DiJllinger, Beitriige zur HektengescMchte des Mittclalters (Munich, 1890). GUNDULIC, gi.in'dnn-lech, Ivan (1588-16.38). The most celebrated lllyrian poet of earlier times. He was born in Ragusa, on the coast of Dalmatia, a meeting-place of Italian and South Slavic culture, and received the best education oljtain- able at the time, studying philosophy, jurispru- dence, and cla'ssical and Latin literature. His scholarly attainments secured him various official posts at an early age, and at one time he occupied the iiighest office, that of rector of the Republic of Ragusa. A translation of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered was followed by original poetical works, lyric, epic, and dramatic. His greatest v.'ork is the heroic epic Osman, in twenty cantos, describing the campaign between the Poles and the Turks around Khotin in 1021. The poem was first published in 1626, and since then has been often republished. A late edition for schools, with a cononentary. is by Broz (Agram, 1887). Other works of Gunduli<5 are the elegy Tears of the Lost Son. and the dramas Cleopatra, Dubrav- Ica, Prospcrpina, and Ariadne, to mention only a few of the many that laid the foindations of Slavic drama at the new theatre of Ragusa. His collected works were published in 1877 by the Agram Academy in volume ix. of Ancient Hor- ratian Writings. Consult: Appendini, Vita di O. Gondola (Guiidulic) (R.agusa. 1828); .Tensen, (lunduliii und sein Osman (Gotenburg, 1900). GUNGIj, goongl', Joseph (1810-89). An Hungari.an composer and conductor, born at Zsfniibt'k, in Hinigary. He became an olioist in, and subsequently bandmaster of. the Fourth Austrian Artillery Regiment. Previously he had gained considerable experience as a teacher, but it was his work with this organization, both as soloist and conductor, that gained for him public recognition. During the eight years of his leader- ship^the band attained a European reputation and