Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/42

* GOLITZIN. the army and fought with distinction in the .Seven Years' War. in 1709 he took Kliotin from the Turks. He was subsequently Governor of Saint Petersburg and field marshal. — Dmitri Alexeyevixch Goi.iTZiN (1735-1803) was a well- known diplomat and man of letters. From 1765 to 1773 lie was Russian Ambassador at Paris, where he lived in close touch with Voltaire and other literary men of the time. In 1773 he be- came Ambassador at The Hague, whence, on the outbreak of the French Revolution, he retired to Germany, where he devoted himself to the studv of the physical sciences. He wrote : Description physique de la Tauride (1788); Traile ilc miiirralogie (1792) ; L'esprit clcs icono- mistes (1796). — His wife, Adelheid Amalie (1748-180G), was a fervent Catholic. She made her home at Miinster, and became the centre of a hand of religious enthusiasts and mystics, whose efforts were directed toward counteracting the prevailing materialism of the age. Her son Dmitri was a Catholic missionary in the United States. See G.^llitzin, Dmitri. — Alexander NiKOL-^YEViTCii GoLiTZiN (1774-1844) was one of the most influential counselors of Alexander I., together with whom he had been brought up. He became Procurator of the Holy Synod in 1803, and from 1817 to 1824 was Minister of Education and Public Worship. His liberal views aroused the opposition of the conservative element among the clergy, and with the accession of Nicholas I. he lost all intluencc. — Emanuel Mikiiailovitch GoLlTZiN (1804-53) was born in Paris, and studied at the Ecole Polytechnique under Gay- Lussac. He entered the Russian Army in 1825, and distinguished himself at the storming of Varna (1828), but retired from the army in the following year. He led a life of dilettante schol- arship in" the capitals of Western Europe, his chief interest lying in geography. He contributed to the BuUeti'n de la Societe de Gcographie, in Paris, and translated Ferdinand von Wrangcl's Voyage to Siberia from the Russian. He also wrote La Riixsie dti llime siccle dans ses rap]iorts avec I'Etirope occidentale, which was published two years after his death. — Nikolai Sergete- TITCH GOLITZIN (1808-92) entered the army in 1825 and rose to be lieutenant-general. He wrote A Military History of the World from the Most Ancient Times (13 vols., 1872 et seq.). GO'LITJS, go'lo-oos. .J.C0BUS (1596-1667). A Dutch Orientalist and mathematician. He was horn at The Hague, studied at Leyden, and there, in 1624, became professor of Arabic, and in 1629 professor of mathematics. He published a Lexi- con Arabico-Lntinum (1653), and numerous translations from the Arabic. GOLLANCZ, gol'lans. Israel (1864—). An English scholar. He was bom in London in 1864; was graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A^, 1887; M.A., 1891), became lecture*- in English at University College, London (1892- 95), and has lectured in university extension courses and at Cambridge. Most of his pub- lished work has been in editing or in translating Old and Middle English texts, as the Pearl (1891); Cynewulf's Christ (1892); and the Exeter Book (1895). He is also editor of the Temple Shalccsprare (1894-96). ' GOL'OMYN'KA. See Oil-Fish ; Baikal. GOL'ONDRI'NA. The common green house- swallow (Tachycineta leucorrhous), abundant 22 GOLTEEMANN. everywhere south of the Amazonian forests. It is closely related to the white-bellied tree-swallow of the United States, and like that and other species, has forsaken its native wildness and cus- tom of nesting in hollow trees for intimate asso- ciation with men, and nest-making beneath the eaves of buildings. It is richly green, with a white breast and rump. Jlany interesting things are related of it by Hudson. Naturalist in La Plata (London, 1892). See Swallow. GOLOSHES, gft-lush'gz (OF., Fr. galoche, probably from ML. calopedia, Gk. Kaor6Siov, kalopodion, clog, wooden shoe, diminutive of )caX6;rnus, kalopous, KaXd-irovs, kalapous. shoe- maker's last, from KaXoj-, kalon, wood -f- Trous, pons, foot). A term applied by the French at first to shoes partly of leather and wood, the soles being wood, and the uppers of leather. The term was introduced to this country as a cord- wainer's technicality, to signify a method of re- pairing old boots and shoes by putting a narrow strip of leather above the sole so as to surround the lower part of the upper leather. It was also adopted by the patten and clog makers to dis- tinguish what were also called French clogs from ordinary clogs and pattens. Clogs were mere soles of wood with straps across the instep to keep them on ; pattens were the same, with iron rings to raise them from the ground ; but the goloshes were wooden soles, usually with a joint at the part where the tread of the foot came, and with upper leathers like very low shoes. By the term goloshes is now generally meant the india-rubber over-shoes which were intro- duced into Great Britain from America about the year 1847 ; but it was some time after this before the trade in them had reached nmch im- portance, as at first they were clumsily made, and of inferior quality. However, their quality and appearance were soon much improved, and the demand for them increased rapidly, but there are signs that the trade in these shoes is some- what on the decline. See Rubber. GOLOVATSKY, go'lo-viit'ske, .Jakov Feodo- RoviTcn (1814-88). A Russian scholar, born in Czepiele, Eastern Galicia. After study at Pest and Lemberg, he became professor of the Russian language and literature at the University of Lemberg in 1848. From 1867 he resided in Rus- sia. His chief work is a collection of the folk- songs of tlio Russian peoples in Galicia, Hungary, and Bukowina, Xarodnyja pesni Galickoj i Ugorskoj Ifiisi (1878). GOLOVNIN, go-lov-nen'. Vassili Mikhailo- viTfii ( 1776-1831 ). A Russian sailor and explor- er, born at Ryasan. He served in the English Na-y against France, and on his retui-n to Rus- sia was put in connuand of the sloop Diana, to make a trip of exploration around the world. In 1811 he was captured in .Japan and kept prisoner until 1813. A second trip around the world was made (1817-19) in the Russian corvette Kam- chatka. His complete works, which contain de- scriptions of both voyages and of his adventures while in captivity, were pulilislied in five volumes at Saint Petersburg in 1864. Golo^Tiin Bay and Golo-nin Sound, in Bering Sea, are named for him. GOLP, or GOLPE. A heraldic charge. See Her.H)KY. GOLTERMANN, gOl'ter-mim. Georg Edu.RD ( 1824-98) . A German violoncellist and composer.