Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/416

* GULL. 366 GUMMA. most northern regions; and the forked-tail gaills (A'enio l^ahiiiii and fiirciiltis), the former Arctic and common, small, tlie latter tropical, very rare, and large. Terns, boobies, and various other marine birds are often very improperly called gulls. Consult Saunders, "Revision of the Lari- nse," in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (London, 1S78). See Plate of Auks, ALUATROSSE.S, ETf. GULL, Sir William Withey (1816-90). An English physician. He was born in Thorpe-le- Soken, graduated at London L-niversity in 1841, and from 1843 to 18C5 was a teacher first of nat- ural philosophy, then of physiology and compara- tive anatomy, and finally of medicine at Guy's Hospital, to which he was also for twenty years physician. From 1847 to 1849 he was a professor at the Royal Institution, and in 1848 became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He was president of the Clinical Society, member of many other associations, and the author of numerous valuable papers on medical subjects. GULLET. See (Esophagus. GULO/IVER, .Joiix Putnam (1819-94). An American clergyman of the Congregational Church. He was born at Boston, ^lass.. gradu- ated at Yale in 1840, and at the Andover The- ological Seminary in 1845, and held pastorates at Norwich, Conn. (1846-05) (where he will always be remembered as the promoter of the Xorwich Free Academy); Chicago. 111. (1865-08); and Binghamton, N. Y. (1872-78). From 1808 to 1872 he was President of Knox College (Cialcs- burg. 111.), and in 1878 was appointed professor of the relations of Christianity and science in the Andover Theological Seminary. GULLIVEK'S TRAVELS, or Tr.vvels into Several Remote Xatiox.s of the World. A fa- mous satirical romance liy .Jonathan Swift, nar- rating the travels and adventures of Lemuel Ciul- liver, surgeon, and then captain of several shi])s. It was first published anonymously in 1720. and obtained an immediate success among all classes, which has ever since beenniaintained. The plan and form of the romance were intluenccd by the works of Lucian, Cyrano de Bergerac. and Defoe. It is in four parts, of which the first describes the hero's voyage to Lillipvit, the land of pygmies; the second, his adventures in Brobdingnag, among the giants; the third, his journey to Laputa. a country of quacks and pretended scientists; and the fourth his visit to the Houyhnhnms, horses endowed with superior intelligence. The char- acters and events are in great part satires on prominent personages and political and scientific conditions of the day. GUL'LY, William Court (1835—). Speaker of the House of Commons since April 10. 1805. The second son of .Tames !Manby Gully, of Great Malvern, he was born in London August 29. 1835, and was educated at Trinity College. Cambridge, where he graduated JI.A. .in 1856. He was ad- mitted barrister in 1800. Q.C. in 1877, and Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1879. In 1881, and again in 1885. he unsuccessfully contested Whitehaven against !Mr. Cavendish-Bentinck. but since 1886 has sat in Parliament for Carlisle. GULPER. A fi-h. See Ltomeri. GULS HORNEBOOKE, giilz horn'byk, The. A tract by Thomas Dekker (1009) giving a vivid account of the maiuiers of Jacobean London. It is largely drawn from Dedekind's (Urobinius, the author having changed his original intention of translating that work into one of "altering the shape and of a Dutchman fashioning a mere Englishman," GUMBEL, gumljfl, Karl Wilhelm vox (1823-98). A German geologist, born at Dannen- fels, Rhine Palatinate. He studied at the univer- sities of ilunich and Heidelberg, in 1848 under- took a practical inve.stigation of the mining in- dustry in tlie Government service at Saint Ing- bert collieries in the Palatinate, and in 1851 was appointed director of the Bavarian geognostic survey. In 1861 he became an honorary professor in the University of Munich, in 1868 an in- structor at the Technical High School there, in 1869 was appointed to the Bavarian mining board, and in 1879 director-in-chief of mines. A fibrous mineral, consisting of a hydrous silicate of alu- mina, was discovered by him in the clay-slate of Northalben (Upper Franconia. Bavaria), and is known to geologj- as giimbelite; while a petrified corallin is styled Ouemhclina. His publications include four volumes of the Geognosti-ichc Be- schreibung des Konigreichs Bayern (1801-91), an Anieitung zu icissenschnftlichen Bcohnclitun- geii anf Aljienreisen (1879-82), and a Geogno- stische Karle des Eonigreiclis Bayern (1891). GUMBINNEN", goom'bln-en. Capital of the district and circle of the same name in the Province of East Prussia, situated on the Pissa, a headstream of the Pregel, 08 miles east-south- east of Kiinigsberg ( Jlap : Prussia, K 1 ) . It is regularly built, and produces woolens, linen and cotton goods, leather, and spirits. The trade is mostly in grain. CJumbinnen is of comparativel.v recent origin, having received its mvuiicipal rights from Friedrich Wilbelm I. in 1722. Popu- lation, in 1890, 12,207; in 1900, 14,003, consisting chiefly of descendants of exiled Protestants from Salzburg. GUM'BO. See Hiniscus. GUMBOIL. An abscess (q.v. ) near the root of a tooth, and discharging itself toward the mucous membrane of the gum. Gumboil should be treated by a free incision. GUMBO ( probably of negro origin ) SOIL. A popular term applied in the Western L'nited States to a class of very heavy, fine-grained soils (the grains are less than 1-100 inch in diame- ter), rich in soluble salts (alkali) and practi- cally devoid of sand. Water percolates through them with difticulty, and as they are soapy and waxy when wet, the names 'waxy' and "black waxy' are sometimes applied to them. The.se soils improve with cultivation, but are difticult to till. See also Soil. GUM FLUX. See Gummosis. GUMILLA, goo-melya, Josfi (1690-1758). A Spanish missionary, born at Barcelona. He was a Jesuit, and in 1714 was sent to South America, where he was made superior of the missions on the Orinoco (1728). Soon afterwards he re- turned to Spain, and was appointed head of the College of Cartagena (1734), and of the t^ni- versity of Madrid (1738). He was a careful stmlent of South American fauna and flora, and wrote 7?; Orinoco ilnstrado y defcndido (1745), a very valuable work. GUMMA. See Syphilis.