Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/412

* GUISE. 363 GUIZOT. to Blois and to respond to a summons of the King to a private audience in the royal cabinet. There he was assassinated by members of the royal guard, the famous Forty-Five, December 23, 1588. His brother, another Cardinal of Lorraine (1555-88), was arrested and put to death on the followinj; day. — Chaklks ue Lorraine, Duke of JIayenne, born Marcl 'il!. 1554, was brother of Henry L de Lorraine, under whom he fought in the ilugueuot wars, distinguishing himself at Moncontour and Brouage. After the as.sassina- tJon of his brother he went to Paris and took command of the forces of the League, which he organized more thoroughly than they had ever been before. He proclaimed the Cardinal of Bourbon King, and made himself lieutenant-gen- eral of the kingdom. He was defeated by Henrj' IV. at Arques (1589) and Ivry (1590), but car- ried on the struggle until 1590, when he made his submission to the King, and was one of his most loj'al subjects until his death, in IGll. Chari.es de Lorrai.ne (1571-1(340), son of Henry I. and fourth Duke of Guise, was succeeded by his second son, Henri II. de Lorraine, fifth Duke of Guise, who was born April 4, 1614. Henri had been trained for the Church, and was Archbishop of Rheims when the death of his elder brother (1639) caused him to abandon ecclesiastical life. He was brilliant, but fickle in his attachments, and noted for many amours. He joined the league of the Coimt of Soissons against Richelieu (1641), and took refuge in Brussels, returning only after the death of Richelieu and Louis XIII. He went to Naples during the r(?volt of Masaniello, hoping to conquer a kingdom, but was made a prisoner by the Spaniards (1048). He was .set at liberty in 1652, and joined the opponents of Mazarin, but soon betraj-ed them, and after numerous vicissitudes returned to Paris, was made Cirand Chamberlain, and directed the fetes of Louis XIV. He died in 1604. His Memoircs (2 vols., 1609) were really written by his .secretary. Saint- Yon, and by Count RaTiiond of Modena. Henri II. was succeeded by his nephew, Louis Joseph. Duke of Guise, Joyeuse, and Angouleme. With the son of the latter. rRA>-cois Joseph, who died in 1075, the direct line of the dukes of Guise of the House of Lorraine became extinct. The family posses- sions passed to the House of Cond^, the next of kin. BiBLiOGRApny. For the general history of the house, consult: Forneron, Les dues de Otiise et leur fpoque (Paris. 1893) ; Bouille, Histoire des dues de Guise (Paris, 1849-50); for individual biographies and special works, see: Brisset, Francois de Guise (Paris, 1840) ; Cauvin, Fran- cois de Lorraine, due de Guise (Paris, 1885) ; Valincourt, Vie de Francois de Guise (Paris, 1881) ; De Croze. Les Guises, les Valois, et Phi- lippe IL (Paris, 1860) ; Renauld, Henri de Lor- raine, due de Guise (Paris, 1879) : Ruble, L'assassinat de Francois de Lorraine, due de Guise (Paris, 1897) ; Zeller, ed., "Charles IX. et Francois de Guise, extraits des lettres de Cath- erine de Medicis," in L'histoire de France ra- contce par les conteniporains (Paris, 1887). Consult also general works referred to under the histori' of France. See Huguenots ; Lorraine. GUITAR, gi-tar' (OF. guiterre, puiterne. Fr. guitare, from Lat. eitlwra, Gk. KiBipa, l-ithara, lyre). A musical stringed instrument, somewhat like the lute, particularly well adapted for ac- companying the liuman voice, and nuich esteemed in Spain and Italy. It has six strings, tuned as follows: E, A, d, g, b, e'. Its compass is over three octaves, from E to a". The music of the guitar is always written in the G clef, and thus tile actual sound is an octave lower than writ- ten. The sound is produced by the fingers of the right hand plucking the strings, which are stopped by the fingers of the left hand pressing them against the frets, ^he three highest strings of the guitar are usually of gut, and the three lowest are of silk spun over with silvered wire. GUITAR-FISH (so called from the shape of the fish ) . A long-nosed, shark-like ray of the family Rhinobatidie. It differs from the Raiida; mainly by the peculiarity that the eggs are hatched within the body. The name is copied from the Spanish r/uitarro, applied especially to species of the Gulf of California. The best known is the California Khinobatus productus. A familiar form from Jamaica to Brazil is the 'pureque' or 'fiddler-fish' (lihinobatus pcrecUens) . GUITEAU,. ge-to', Charles J. See Garfield, James A. GUITGUIT, gwit'gwit'. See Guidguid. GUITTONE D'AREZZO, gwe to'na da-ret's6 (e.l230-c.l294). An Italian poet, born near Arezzo. It is said that in his youth he devised the sonnet form. He was very well educated for the time', and wrote much in the troubadour style. In 1293 he founded the monastery Degli Angeli in Florence. During the latter part of his life he wrote of theological and political subjects, in dreary, unattractive verses. Nevertheless, he had a decided infiuence on his contemporaries, and was one of the first of Italian prose writers. His letters (Lettere) were not published until 1745. His poetry is better than his prose. The best edition of his works is tiiat by Valeriani, Rime di Fra Guittone d' Arezzo (Florence, 1828 and 1867). Consult Romanelli, Di Guittone e delle sue opere (Campobasso, 1875). GUIZOT, gwe'ze', by foreigners commonly pi-onounced ge'zA', Elizabeth Charlotte Pau- line (de Meulan) (1773-1827). A French au- thor, the first wife of Guizot, the historian. She was born in Paris. Her father having died when she was eighteen years of age. she sought sub- sistence for herself and the straitened family by literaiy labor. She published 7-e.s contradictions, a novel, in 1800; afterwards joined the staff' of Suard's journal. Le Publieiste, and as literary and artistic editor became known for her critical articles, a selection of which were published in 1802 as Essais de litteratiire et de morale. Ill health would have interrupted the series in 1807, had they not been continued by an anonymous writer, who later revealed himself as Guizot. The friendship thus begun resulted in their marriage in 1812, and during their married life she was of great assistance to her husband in his historical studies and literary work. Her subsequent writ- ings, devoted to the moral improvement and edu- cation of the young, are: Les enfants (1812); Lc journal d'une «iece(lS13) : L'ccolier, ou Raovl et Victor (1821) ; Nonrean.r contes a I'usage de la jeunesse (1823) ; and Education domestique.ou Lettres de famille sur I'ediication (1826). Her husband published several posthumous volumes of her essays and other writings.