Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/411

* GUISE. 361 GUISE. coHperative stove - factory, employing about 1500 hands, and its fdmilietcre or workman's col- ony with a phalanstery, or common dwelling- house, accommodating 400 families, founded liy Godin, a follower of Fourier. Population, in 1901, 7310. Ciuise was a noted strategical place as early as the eleventh century. It gave its name to a county, which later -.vas erected into a duchy. The town was burned by the Eng- lish under John of Hainault in 13.30, but their assaults on the castle wers foiled by his daughter, wife of the lord of the fortress. GUISE. The name of the most famous branch of the ducal family of Lorraine, the members of which plaj-ed a prominent part in the his- tory of France and Europe during several cen- turies. The family derived its name from the town of Guise (q.v. ), and claimed an ancestry reaching back to Merovingian times. In 1333 Marie of Blois married Eodolf, Duke of Lorraine, and brought with lier as part of her dower the county of Guise. The following are the most celebrated members of the Guise family: C'L.unE DE LoRR.iiNE (1400-1.5.50), first Duke of Guise, Count of Aumale, Jlarquis of Mayenne and El- banif, and Baron of .Joinville, was the fifth son of Rene II., Duke of Lorraine. He was endowed by his father with the French fiefs of the family, while Lorraine went to his elder brother. Claude accompanied Francis I. in all his Italian cam- paigns, receiving a severe wound at the outset in the battle of Melegnano { 1515) . Eight years later lie drove the Imperialists from Champagne. In 1527 he became Duke of Guise, a peer of France, and Governor of Champagne as a reward for his suppression of the peasant revolt. In 1542 he fought in Flanders under the Duke of Orleans. He married Antoinette de Bourbon, and his daughter Mary was the wife of James V. of Scot- land, and mother of Mary. Queen of Scots. — Fran(ois de Lorraine, second Duke of Guise, son of the preceding, and known as In Baltifre, the Scarred, was born February 17. 1510. He won world-wide renown as a brave and skillful soldier, distinguishing liimself at Montmedy (1542), Landrecies (1543), Saint-Dizier (1544), and at Boulogne ( 1545), and by his successful defense of Metz for two months in 1552 against Cliarles V, In 1557 he had eomniaud of the expedition against Ih'e Spaniards in Italy, which failed through lack of proper support. The Duke was recalled, and in 1558 took Calais, the last stronghold of the English in France. His niece, ilary Stuart, being the wife of Francis II., he enjoyed for a time the highest power at Court. After the death of the King, the jealousy of the queen- mother. Catharine de' Medici (q.v.), forced him into temporary retirement, but with the Con- stable Montmorency and Marshal Saint-Andre he formed the coalition known as the Triumvi- rate, and it was probably at his instigation that the massacre of Hugiienots at Vassy was perpe- trated, March 1, 1502, which marked the begin- ning of the civil wars. He took Rouen, and won a victory at Dreux (December 19, 1502), but was assassinated before Orleans, February* 18, 1503. by "a Protestant fanatic, Poltrot de Mere, .".nd died six days later. Gfuise cannot be cleared from the charge of cruelty and ferocity, though he was doubtless much influenced by his brother Charles, the Cardinal of Lorraine. He had a taste for literature, and his memoirs have consid- erable historic interest. — Charles de Lorraine, brother of the preceding, was born February 17, 1525. He entered the Church, became Archbishop of Rheinis in 153S, and was created a cardinal in 1547. He was known as the Cardinal of Guise until the death of his jiaternal uncle, when he took the title of Cardinal of Lorraine, b}- which he is known in history. He was deeply involved in the political intrigues of the time, and in- spired much that was worst in the policy of his house, of which he became practically the head after the assassination of his brother. His vacil- lation and cowardice rendered liim inefficient as a leader, and his influence declined from the moment wlien he became responsible for the exe- cution of his own designs. He introduced the Inquisition into France in 1558, and the responsi- bility for the cruel excesses following the tumult of Amboise (1500) rests upon him. He was licentious in his private life. His brother Louis (1527-78) received the title of Cardinal of Guise after Charles became Cardinal of Lorraine, but was a figure of little importance historically. — Henri I. ue Lorraine, third Duke of Guise, son of Francois de Guise, was born Decemb(j>r 31, 1550. At the age of fifteen he distinguished him- self fighting against the Turks in Hungary. He fought against the Huguenots at Saint-Denis (15(i7), -Jarnac (1509), and Moncontour (1509), and forced Coligny to raise the siege of Poitiers. He aspired to the hand of ilargaret of Valois, but, to appease the anger of the joung King, Charles IX., he married Catharine of Cleves (1570). He left the Court because of the favor shown to the Huguenots, but soon returned and took an active part in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, leading in person the assault upon the house of Colignj-, whose body was thrown at his feet in the courtyard. In the fight against the Huguenots at Dormans (October 10, 1575) he received a wound which left a scar from which he was given his father's sobriquet, le Balafre. For his part in this battle he became an object of unreasoning idolatry on the part of the Parisians, and he used this shrewdly to advance the power of his liouse. It soon became common talk that the Valois were illegitimate, and the Lorraines the true heirs of Charlemagne. Guise was a prime mover in the formation of the Holj' League (1570), the primary object of which was to shut the Bourbons, whose head was Henry of Xavarre, out of the sticcession and to bring in the Guises. The League became dormant, btit was revived in 1584, and entered into alli- ahce with Philip II. of Spain by the Treaty of Joinville, to uphold the Catholic cause. Henry III. wavered between the equally dangerous par- ties of Bourbon and Guise, but finally decided first to put down the Hitguenots, and came to an agreement with Guise at Nemours. In the fol- lowing War of the Three Henrys, Guise defeated the German allies of the Huguenots at Vimory and Auneau (1587), wiiile the royal forces were defeated by those of Henry of Xavarre. On account of the increasing popularity of Guise, the King ordered him to keep away from Paris; but he defied this command, and there followed the Day of the Barricades in Paris (May 12, 1588). when the King of France and Guise, who was called the King of the Parisians, were ar- rayed against each other. Finally the King retired to Blois, and summoned the Estates, appearing to yield to his defiant vassal, who was induced to go