Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/410

* GUINGAMP. 360 GUISE. ble cattle and agiioultural trade. Population, in 1901, 9252. GUINICELLI, gwe'ne-chel'le, GuiDO (c.1240- itl). An Italian poet, born in Bologna. He stud- ied jurisprudence., and seems to have practiced law in his native city. In politics he was Ghibel- linc. and so was banished with the rest of the Lanibertazzi party in 1274. and died in e.xile. Dante considers him the father of Italian poets, and he was the first to introduce a higher phil- osophical spirit into Italian poetry, which had liitherto been only of the troubadour variety. "He was," says one critic, "the head of that Bolognese school to which belong Lapo Gianni. Cino da Pistoja. and Guido Cavalcanti." Of his verse only seven eanzoni and five sonnets re- main. The best known of them is the canzone of The Gentle Heart (as finely translated by D. G. Rossetti)., which Dante praises. These are printed in Nannucci, Mnniiale delta le^terafura del priiDO seeolo delta tin(iiui ilaliana (Florence, 1843). Consult: Grion. (Itiido Guinicelti e Dino Caiiipagni (Bologna. 1870); Cassini, Lc rime del [loeti Bolognesi del sccolo XIII. (ib., 1881) ; and D. G. Rossetti^ Dante and His Circle (Lon- don. 1874). GUINOBATAN, ge'n6-bii'tan. An inland town of Luzon. Philippines, in the Province of Albay. It lies about 11 miles west of Albay (Map: Philippine Islands, H 6). Population, in 1898, 20,500. GUIBATTD, ge'r.y. Erxest (1837-92). A Frencli dramatic composer, born in New t)rleans. La., of French parentage. His first sttidies were under his father (a music teacher, and the winner of the Prix de Rome in 18271. and later (1849) he studied in Paris under private teachers. In 1852, when but fifteen years of age. he returned to New Orleans, and superintended the production of his first opera, Lc Roi Dnrid. after which he went back to Paris and made it his permanent home. He studied at the Conservatory, and won the Grand Pri.Y de Rome with his Bajazet ct le joueur de flute in 1859. He served througliout the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, and in 1876 became a member of the faculty of the Paris Conservatory. He was the composer of many successful operas, among them Sylvie (1864), Le Kobold (1870). La r/alniitc aventiire (1882) : orchestral suites, and minor compositions, as well as of a solemn high mass. He died in Paris. Brunhilde, an unfinished opera, was completed bv Saint-Saens and prodviced in Paris as Frcde- (joude (1895). GTJISBOROTJGH, giz'brfl. A market-town in the North Riding of Yorkshire. England, on the North Eastern Railway, 7^2 miles east-southeast of Middlesborough (Map: England, F 2). Neigh- lioring mines supply the Cleveland iron ore used in steel-founding, which constitutes its chief in- dustry. Its historical interest centres in the ruins of the Augustine priory, built in 1119 by Robert de Brus, grandfather of King Robert Bruce, and up to the time of its dismantlement by Henry VIII. one of the wealthiest of English monastic institutions. Population, in 1891, .5625; in 1901. 5650. Consult Cnrliilarium Prioratus de Gyse- hurne, Fundati A.D. 1119 (Durham, 1889). GUISCARD, ges'kiir', Robert (e.1015-85). Duke of .Apulia and Calabria. He was the son of Tancred of Hauteville. and was born near Coutances, in Normandy. His elder brothers, William of the Iron Arm, Drogo, and Humphrey, had gone to Italy to seek their fortunes soon after 1030, and had been very successful. Robert followed them about 1047, but was badly re- ceived by them. At first he served under the Prince of Capua, and then acted as the leader of a band of adAenturers, endeavoring to secure possessions for himself in Calabria. In 1053 he took a prominent part in the battle near Civitate, in Avhich the Papal forces, led by Leo IX., were defeated by the Normans. In 1057, after the death of Humphrey. Robert became Count of .pulia. About this time he was joined by his brother Roger, who aided him greatly in his conquests. In 1059 Robert concluded a treaty with Pope Nicholas II., wlio made him Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and "future Duke' of Sicily, if he could conquer the island. Robert. 'Duke by the grace of God and of Saint Peter.' became the Pope's vassal. This gave the Papacy a feu- dal supremacy over Southern Italy which lasted for centuries. 1060 Roger engaged in the subjugation of Sicily. He was joined in the following year by Robert, and Messina was captured. The conquest proceeded slowly. Paler- mo was taken in 1072, and the subjugation of the island was not completed til! about 1090, long after the death of Robert. On the southern main- land, however, the supremacy of the Nornuins was firmly established by the capture of Tarentiuii and Reggio in 1068, and Bari in 1071. In 1074 Robert incurred excommunication by attacking Benevento. which was a Papal possession: but in 1080 there was a reconciliation between Gregory VII. and the Norman duke, who renewed the oath which he had made in 1059. After establish- ing a magnificent principality on the ruins of the Byzantine power in Southern Italy, Robert pro- ceeded to invade the territory of the Byzantine Empire in the Balkan Peninsula, acting as the champion of the heir of Michael VII., who had been deposed by, Alexius Coninenus. In 1081 he gained a great victory over Alexius at Durazzo, and captured the city in the following year. The war in Macedonia and Thessaly was carried on mainly by his son, Bohemund (q.v. ). From his victorious campaigns Robert was recalled in 1084 to the aid of Gregorj' VII., who was be- sieged in the castle of Saint Angelo by Henry IV. ( q.v. ). Robert captured and sacked Rome, many of the inhabitants being killed or sold into slavery. He then prepared to renew the war against Alexius, but died at Cephalonia, July 17, 1085. He is described by Anna Comnena (q.v.) as of lofty stature, large frame, and command- ing appearance. He was extremely brave, am- bitious, and shrewd, but pitiless. The surname Guiscard (sly) is said to have been given him because of his ability and craft. Consult .John- son, The Normans in Europe (London, 1877). GUISCARD, Roger. See Roger I. GUISCHARD, ge'shar', Karl T. See Gm- CHARD. GUISE, gwez (]ML. Guisia). A town in the Department of Aisne. France, on the left banlt of the Oise, 25 miles from Saint-Quentin l>v rail (!Map: France, K 2). It is strongly fortified, has the ruins of a sixteenth-century castle, from which the famous dukes of Guise (q.v.) derived their title, and a statue of Camille Desmoulins. who was born here. Its industrial feature is the