Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/41

* GOLIAD. 21 GOLITZm. declaration was iiiadf at Wasliington (Texas), and on iJareli 27, lS;iG, in what is known as the 'maiisacre of Goliad,' more than 300 Texaus and Americans under Colonel Fannin were murdered near here in oold blood by the ^Mexicans, at Santa Anna's orders. See Faxxix, James W. GOXIAR'DIC LITERATURE, or Caemina BuBAXA. The songs of llie wandering students in the later Middle Ages. These called themselves Goliardi, i.e. children or followers of Golias. Nothing is definitely known about this Golias. By some the poems bearing his name liave been attributed to Walter INlapes, but there is no pos- sibility that the songs of the Goliards represent the creation of any one man or even of a few men. They bear the stamp of universality. A song, originally sung by one poet or rhymester, was adopted, changed, resung, by others, until it became the common property of the student body. The poems as a wliole may be diyided into two general classes. The first class comprises the satirical songs. With the impatience and enthu- siasm of youth the students attacked the vices of all classes except their own, and of course the members of the Church fared worst. Their poems are exceedingly irreverent to the ecclesiastical dignitaries, and this fact alone was sufficient to prevent any author from putting his name to his verses. In the second class the noticeable facts are the purely pagan spirit, the love of outdoor life, the zest for enjoyment, the feeling that all things which yield pleasure are lawful. Their themes are three: nature, wine, and women, all of which they loved ardently. Some of their songs are popular at the present time. The German Corps- students still sing at the grave of a departed brother, Gaiideamus ifjitur, jui-enes diim sunius. The best known of the drinking songs is Ueum est propositnm i» Uiherna mori. The Lauriger Hora- tius is believed to be the work of the Goliardi. Consult: Sywo■nds.^^'ine. Women, and Song (Lon- don, 1884) ; Schmeller, Carmina Burana (3d ed., Breslau, 1894) ; Wright, "Latin Poems Common- ly Attributed to Walter !Mapes," Camden Society Publicalwns: (London, 1841); Pernwerth von Biirnstein. Carmina Burana Selecta (Wiirzburg, 1879). GOL'IAS. See GoliaSdic Litebatuee. GOLI'ATH. A Philistine giant, born in Gath. and slain by an Israelitish hero. According to I. Sam. .xvii. it was the youthful David who killed this giant, felling hini with a stone from his sling, *nd cutting off his head with the fallen champion's sword. (See David.) An older and more reliable tradition ascribes the deed to one of David's warriors, Elhanan, the son of Dodo (or Jair), of Bethlehem (II. Sam. xxi. 19; xxiii. 24). Probably the name of Elhanan's father and his home in Bethlehem facilitated the change. It is a common occurrence, however, that a famous king receives the credit for deeds done by his men. In I. Chron. xx. 4-8 Elhanan is said to have slain Lahnii, the brother of Goliath, and in the authorized version of II. Sam. xxi. 10 the Hebrew text is corrected to accord with this. The brother has probably been introduced to har- monize the two narratives. GOLIATH BEETLE. Any of several huge cetonian beetles of the family Scarabseidae, and genus Goliathus. specifically Goliathus giganteus. which is about four inches long by two inches wide. This species is West African, and accord- ing to Ulilet is subject to so much variation that several names have been given to its varieties. It is generally clialky white, with velvety black markings, prominently six black lines on the pro- thorax. They frer|uciit tlio tops of forest trees, and are said to be fed oil llie sap. They are near allies of the Hercules beetles (q.v. ). GOLITZIN, or GALITZIN, gfi-litsln. A ]iriHceh family of Russia, tracing its descent from Gedimin, Cirand Prince of Lithuania, ances- tor of the Jagellon Kings of Poland. — Pbi.nce JIikhail Golitzin was a celebrated military icinunaiider under Basil I'., Grand Prince of Moscow. He fought in the Crimea and in Lithuania, and in 1514 led an army against the Poles. He was defeated at Orslia and taken prisoner, remaining in captivity until 1552. He died in a convent at Moscow soon after his re- lease. — Vasily Va.silyevitch Golitzin, great- grandson of Mikhail, pla.yed an important role at the time of Boris Godunoff and the false De- metrius. He was sent as Ambassador to Poland with the offer of the Russian crown for Prince Ladislas, hut was cast into prison by the Poles, and died in 1019. — Boris Alexeyevitch Golitzin ( 1641-C.1713) was the preceptor of Peter the Great and one of the regents of the Empire during Peter's traels abroad. He became subsequently Governor of Kazan and Astrakhan, and enjoyed great favor with the Czar. — Vasily' Va.silye- vitch Golitzin-, known as the Great ( 1613-1714) , distinguished himself in military operations against the Cossacks of the Dnieper, gained the title of Ataman, and after 1080 was Minister of State. Ho was the lover of Sophia, sister of Peter the Great, •who acted as regent during the young ruler's minority. As such, Golitzin was the virtual ruler of Russia, carrying on the govern- ment with great ability and "firmness. He made the beginnings of military reform, thus preparing the way for the thorough organization of the army by Peter the Great. Upon the assumption of the Government by Peter in 1089. Vasily suf- fered disgrace and was banished to Siberia, "where he died. — Dmitri Golitzin (died 1738) was Rus- sian Ambassador to Turkey and Austria, and subsequently Superintendent of the Imperial Fi- nances. He was one of the leaders of the aristo- cratic party which, upon the accession of Anna Ivanovna (q.v.). sought to impose a constitution upon the Empress by the terms of which the chief power would have been vested in the hands of a small faction of the nobility. The at- tempt, however, failed, and Dmitri died in prison at Seliliisselliurg. — Mikhail Golitzin (1074- 1730), brother of Vasily, entered the army at t)ie age of twelve and early distinguished 'himself against the Turks. In 1700 he commanded a Russian corps, operating against the Swedes in Lithuania; in 1708 he gained the important vic- toiy of Lvesnaya, and in 1714 overran Finland, and was Governor of the country until 1721, in which year he conducted the negotiations lead- ing to the Peace of Nystad. Golitzin was one of the greatest generals Russia has ever pro- duced and a man of many abilities and admirabla character. As Governor of Finland his conduct was marked by such justice and kindliness as to gain him. from a conquered population, the title of Fiiisldbog. 'Godhead of the Finns.' — ALFy- ANDEB MiKnAILOVITOir GoiITZIN (1718-83), soa of Mikhail, after acting in the diplomatic service of Russia at Constantinople and Dresden, entered