Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/405

* GUILMANT. 357 GUINEA CORN. the organ at tlio Paris Conservatory. He was the foremost exponent of the Jistinctively French school of organ music: and on that account, as well as for his brilliancy as an organist, met with great success in his tours of England, Italy, Rus- sia, and the United States. His playing was marked by the striking orchestral qualities of his combinations, a feature which is similarly conspicuous in his compositions. His published works include the lyric scena for soli, chorus, and orchestra, lielsa^ar; a symphony for organ and oreliestra : several organ sonatas; and many smaller pieces for organ, one of the most success- ful of which is the Marche funehrc et chant seraphi/jue. His vocal compositions include mo- tets, masses, and choruses. GUILT, Guilty (AS. gylt. giU. from AS., Goth, gildan. OHG. geUnn. Ger. gclten. Eng. yield). In law, guilt signifies the fact, whether an overt act or a state of mind, which renders a person liable to punishment for crime. In gen- eral, the <^:lnlmission of a forbidden act in itself constitutes legal guilt, but there are other acts, iiuiocent in themselves, which become criminal when performed with a guilty intent. (See Crime; Ixf.^^nt.) In the common-law system, a per-son accused of crime is presumed to be inno- cent until his guilt has been established by the verdict of a jury. In England and America there are only two general verdicts which can be given in criminal cases — viz. 'guilty' or 'not guilty'; but in Scotland there is an intermediate verdict, called 'not proven,' which, though in reality a verdict of 'not guilty' (and it is so entered in England), yet is allowed to be given by juries when they are not satisfied that suffi- cient legal evidence has been given, but neverthe- less consider there was some foundation for the charge, or at least some ground for suspicion. It has been objected to this verdict that it leaves a stigma on the party against whom it is found; but it is, nevertheless, firmly intrenched in the law and practice of Scotland. A person charged with crime is said to have a 'guilty mind' when he has sufticient mental capacity to understand the action and quality of the criminal act in question. Even though he has such capacity, if the act were done under extreme diii-css (q.v.), the actor would not dis- play a 'guilty mind.' For the effect of the plea of 'guilty' or 'not guilty,' in criminal actions, see Generai. Issue ; Plea. GUIMAEAES, ge'ma-riNsh'. A town in the Portuguese Province of Entre-JIinho-e-Douro, sit- uated in a valley surrounded by hills, about 35 miles by rail northeast of Oporto (Jlap: Por- tugal, A 2 ). It is a picturesque place, with a num- ber of old buildings and the ruins of the old castle, in which AfTnnso Henriques, the first King of Por- tugal, was l)orn. Among other interesting build- ings are the Dominican convent and the Church of Sao Jliguel. dating from the eleventh century. In the vicinity of the town are situated hot sxil- phurous springs, known to the Romans as Aqtice Lwvce. Population, in ISOO, 8630; in 1900, 8863. GUIMBAHANO, gem'ba-ii'no, GnMBAJANO, GT•I^^nA^'o. GuninA, or Qi'IMpaxo. A wild Malayan people in Sulu Island. See PiiiLtP- PINES. GUIMBAL, gi'ni-biil'. A seaport iovcTx of Panay, Philippines, in the Province of Iloilo, sit- uated about 18 miles east of Iloilo (Jlap: Phil- il.pinc Islands, G 0). Population, in 1898, 10,960. GUINAANE, ge-nii'an, GtriNAN, Ginan, Qui- NAAN. A licad-hunting Malay people in Northern Luzon; speech distinct. See Philippine.s. GUINART, ge-niirt', Roque. A noljlc in Cer- vantcs's />o» Quixote. A caricature of a real personage, Don Pedro Rocha Guinarda, leader of a band of fre»"bootcrs of Catalonia. GUINEA, gin'e. A geographic;'' term for- merly designating the Western African coast re- gion lietween the Senegal River on the north and the Orange River on the south, and now being gradually restricted to Portuguese Guinea (ad- joining Senegambia) and Angola (qq.v. ) (Map: Africa, C 3 ) . The region extending from Sierra Leone to the Gabun Rier in French Congo was generally termed Upper Guinea, and the region south Lower Guinea, The term Northern Guinea was sometimes applied to the coast of what is now Nigeria and Kamerun. The four Guinea islands were Fernando Po, Annobon, Principe, and Sao Thome. The earliest form of the word began to appear on maps in the middle of the fourteenth century. The Portuguese were the first to explore and trade along the Guinea coast, tempted by the gold deposits, and later also by the opportunities of slave-trading. The coast, besides having an almost deadly climate, is generally hard of access from the sea, owing to a rough surf and lack of good havens. GUINEA. A gold coin formerly current in Great Britain, but now no longer coined. It de- rived its name from the fact that the gold from which the first specimens were coined was brought from the Guinea Coast in West Africa. For the same reason it originally bore the impression of an elephant. It was first coined during the reign of Charles II. in 1064, and continued in common use till 181", when it was superseded by the sovereign (q.v.). Its value varied considerably at different periods, but was ultimately fixed at twenty-one shillings. It is still customary in Great Britain to estimate professional fees, hon- oraria of all kinds, complimentary subscriptions, prices of pictures, etc.. in guineas. GUINEA, Gulf of. That portion of the At- lantic Ocean which washes the western coast of Africa between Cape Palnias at the southeastern point of Liberia and Cape Lopez in about 1° south latitude (Map: Africa. D 4). It forms two open bays, known as the Bight of Benin and that of Biafra, GUINEA, Portuguese. See Portuguese Guinea. GUINE.^ CORN. A name sometimes given to durra, sometimes to another cereal grass, Pen- nisetum tijphoideum or Pennisctum spicatum, pi-operly called pearl millet, which is very exten- sively cultivated in Central Africa, and to some extent also in India, where it is called hnjrce. Pearl millet is of the tribe Paniceoe, and is regarded as one of the millets. It is an annual which grows to a height of S to 10 feet, with spikes a foot long, which bear a largo amount of grain. In India it is one of the most imiiortant cereals. As a fodder plant pearl millet ranks high, although rather difficult to cure perfectly. It has been successfullv grown in the United States as far north as Pennsylvania. A number of other spe-