Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/404

* GUILLEMOT. 356 GUILMANT. the coasts of NewfouiuUanJ and Labrador. In the North Pacilit- the lommon guillemot is re- placed by a subspecies of L'ria troile, called Cali- foniica. ' The thick-billed guillemot or 'arrie' {I') id Ujiiivia) has the same distribution in the GUILLEMOTS. A group on a breeding-ledp:e, illustraticg charaoteristic attitudes. New World as the common guillemot, and the Pacific coast form is called 'arra.' It is a some- what larger bird than the other, and has a bill much shorter and thicker. The black guillemot {Cepphus rjryUe) is a smaller species, about 14 inches long: the plumage is entirely black in summer. exce]it a large white patch on each wing, but in winter the under parts are white. The young are mottled or spotted. It is plentiful throughout the Arctic regions, and has been called 'Greenland dove.' It lays three eggs, often on the bare rock; but if the situation is damp it piles up for them a curious nest of pebbles. On the Pacific coast it is replaced by two similar spe- cies, the pigeon guillemot {Cepphus columha) and the sooty guillemot {Cepphus cario) . GUILLIM, gwil'im, John (c.1565-1621). An English heraldic official, native of Herefordshire. He was educated at Oxford, but for the greater part of his life was red cross herald in ordinary at the London College of Arms. He was credited with the authorship of The Display of Eeraldry (1610, reprinted 1724). but in reality simply edited Dean Barkham's collections. GTJTLLON, ge'yoN', Adolphe Ib^k^e (1829 — ) . A French painter, born in Paris. He stud- ied with Jules Noel and Charles Gleyre and de- voted himself chiefly to the delineation of the landscapes about ^"ezelay. Yonne, where he lived. He exhibited at the Salon: "La recolte des oliv- iers a Mentnn" ( 1SG4) : "Tamaris et laurier-roses au bord de la !Mcditerranee (1806) : "Pins para- sols il Cannes," and "Clair de lune ;1 Cannes"' ( 186" ) : "La terrasse de I'ancienne abbaye de Vezelay" (1870): "La toilette des canards au bord de la Cure" (1S76) : "Octobre a Vezelay'' (at the Universal Exposition of 1878) ; "AoQt" (1882): "Les novers de la Cordelle" (1883): "Vezelav" (188.5)": ":Menton il v a vingt ans" (1887) ; "Le barrage du Grand-Moulin" (1888) ; "Une nuit d'hiver a Cannes," and "Sous les noyers" (1890). He gained medals in 1807, 1S80, and 1889. GUILLOTIN, ge'yd'taN', .Joseph Igxace (173S-1S14I, A French physician, born at Sainlcs. He was a brilliant student, and after obtaining his education iu a Jesuit college he en- tered the Order as a novitiate, and for sever.il years was a teacher in their college at Bordeaux. Afterwards he removed to Paris, where he prac- ticed medicine with such success as to win recog- nition as one of the foreiuost physicians of the day. He took a prominent part in the early revolutionary movement, and his suggestion that some kind of decapitating machine be used in intlicting the death penalty forever connected his name w ith the most terrible events of tlie Frencli Revolution. He was secretary of the National Assembly in 1790. after which he retired and took no part in the Reign of Terror, during the latter part of which, indeed, he was himself a prisoner and in constant danger of being guillo- tined. .Vfter the rise of Napoleon he resumed his practice in Paris, where he was one of the earliest and most earnest champions of vaccina- tion. GUILLOTINE, gil'16-ten'. The instnmient _, of decapitation introduced during the French Revolution by the Convention, and named after its supposed inventor. .Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a physician, who, however, was merely the per- son who first proposed the adoption of a de- capitating machine. It is composed of two up- right posts, grooved on the inside, and connected at the top bj' a cross-beam. In these grooves a sharp iron blade, placed obliquely, descends by its own weight on the neck of the victim, who is bound to a board laid below. The in- vention of machines of this kind is ascribed to the Persians. In Italy, from the thirteenth cen- tury, it was the privilege of the nobles to be put to death by a machine of this kind, which was called mnnnciia. An instrument resembling the guillotine was likewise employed in Germany dur- ini; the Middle Ages. During the sixteenth, and till late in the seventeenth century, a machine called the maiden, which differed btit slightly from the guillotine, was employed in .Scotland for the purpose of decapitation. That such an ap- paratus was known and used in France at an earlier period is proved by the execution of the Due de Jlontmorency. who is described as having been executed by a falling axe at Toulouss in 16.32. The Dutch, too, in the eighteenth century, employed a decapitating machine in executing slaves in their colonies. Consult Le Notre. La (jurlinliiic pendnnt la r&rolution (Paris, 1893). GUILMANT', gel'milx'. F'^Lix Alexandre (1837 — ). A French organ virtuoso and com- poser. He was born at Boulogne and received his earliest instruction from his father, who was a professional musician. He later studied the organ with Lemmens and harmony with Carulli. From early boyhood he was distin- guished for his love of music, and the persist- ent sincerity of his studies, which enabled him when but twelve years old to act as his father's substitute at the organ of the Church of Saint Nicholas. Four years later (18.53) he was ap- pointed organist at the Church of Saint Joseph. Other appointments were: 1857. choir-master of .Saint Nicholas: 1871. La Trinite; 1893. Chevalier of the Legion of Honor: and 1896, professor of