Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/399

* GUIENNE. 351 GUILD. GUEENNE, ge'en'. An ancient province of France. It comprised the territory now included in the departments of tJironde. Lot, Lot-et-Cia- ronne, Dordogne, Avcyron, and portions of Tarn- et-Garonne and Landes. and foiiiicd with (Jascony what was originally Aquitaniu. of which name Guienne is a corruption. For its earlier history, see Aqi'Itani.. GUIGNES, ge'ny', Joseph DE (1721-1800). A noted French Orientalist and Cliinese scholar. He was born at Pontoise in the Department of Seine-et-Oise. His great work, L'histoirc yi'-nvrale dcs Huns, Turcs, Monyoles, ct a litres Tartarcs occidcntaiix uL-aiit ct depiiis J. C. jusqu'a present (17.56-58), is a rare specimen of industry and research. De Guignes maintained the thesis that the Chinese were the descendants of a very an- cient Egyptian colony. His son. Ciir15tiex Louis Joseph (1750-1845), also a very distinguished Oriental scholar, was consul at Canton and pub- lished a Chinese dictionary (1813). GXJIGNIATJT, ge'nyo'. .Joseph Daniel (1794- 1870). A French Hellenist and archieologist, born at Paray-le-ilonial. He was appointed director of the Xornial School in 1830. afterwards was made professor of Greek, and then professor of geography in the faculty (1835). Hi 1800 he was made perpetual secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions. His principal work. lieU;iions d'anliquito considerces priiwipalcmeiit danx Icur forn'e.i si/mholiques et nii/tholoriiques (1825-51), is founded upon the Siini hcAik of F. Creuzer. Other works include: Dissertation sur la Venus de Paplios (1827) ; Dissertation sur le dieu Serapis et son origine (1838) ;and TJieoqonie d'Hcsiode (1835). He also contributed articles on archie- ology to the Globe, the Revue Archeoloyique, and other publications. GTJIGNOL, ge'nyol'. A French puppet show, the equivalent of the English Punch and Judy. It was developed from the Italian pupa::::i by Laurent ilourgnet. who in 1705 estal)lished a theatre for the Guignol in Lyons, which was kept up for many years by his descendants. The drama is said to be derived from Guignol or Chignol, a silk-weaver of Lyons, where, as also in Paris, the performance is one of the most popular street shows. See PUKCII. GTJIJA, ge'Ha. A lake of Central America, situated in the republics of Salvador and Guate- mala, at an altitude of over 3000 feet (Map: Central America, C 3). It is about 20 miles long and about miles wide, and is surrounded by mountains. It contains two volcanic islets. GTTIKOWAB, gi'ko-war. See Gaekwar. GUILBERT, gM'bar', YTi:TTE (ISfiS— ). A Parisian singer, noted for her performances at cafes-concerts, like the Eldorado and the Ambas- sadeurs, and such theatres as the Xouveautcs and the Varietes. She visited the L'nited States in the season of 1805-Ofi. and'again in 18n-07, and also appeared with some success in Germany and England. In 1897 she became Madame Schiller. GtriLD (AS. yeyild, yild^eipe, Icel. yildi. Ger. Oihlr. guild, from AS. yild. Icel. yjald. payment, 0H(. yeld, Ger. Geld, money, from .VS. yildan, Icel. yjalda, OHG. geltan, Ger. ycltcn, to pay, Eng. yield). A medifeval association whose mem- bers were pledged to assist each other in the pursuit of common ends. They have been classi- fied as (1) ecclesiastical, (2) social-religious, and (3) trade guilds. The trade guilds may be sub- divided into the guild merchant and the craft guilds. The aim of the ecclesiastical guilds was to prtJUiote piety and encourage good works; while the aim of the social-ndigious guilds was to perform certain social and religions functions, such as the holding of feasts, psalm-singing, and escorting the dead to the grave. These guilds also endeavored to secure protection for members from personal injury. The trade guilds were mainly designed to protect the economic interests of their niember.s, but social and religious func- tions were also performed by them. Okigin of Guilds. The origin of the guilds is still a matter of dispute. They first became prominent after the ninth century, when the original tribal organization of the Teutonic races liad broken down, and in some cases succeeded to the functions of the tribe. The spread of Chris- tianity had a great influence upon their develop- ment. It is possible that on the Continent the trade corporations of the Konum Empire had not wholly disappeared, and formed the nucleus of some of the later guilds. Guilds are first mentioned in the Carolingian capitularies of a.d. 779. The first authentic notice of guilds in England dates from the ninth century. These early guilds were social-religious in their nature. In England evidence of trade guilds does not appear before the Norman Con- quest, when the great increase in trade made associations for mutual protection necessary. They had probably appeared somewhat earlier in Flanders and North France. Soci.l-Religious and Ecclesiastical Guilds. The history and organization of the social-reli- gious guilds are involved in much oliseurity. They were presumably local organizatiims. In some eases the.v became powerful, and were vested with manorial jurisdiction. In England they lost their importance after the Nornuin Conquest. The ecclesiastical or religious guilds, on the other hand, grew in wealth and power down to the beginning of modern times. In London there were a large number of them. In the reign of Richard 11. a guild in honor of Saint George the Martyr, consisting of an alderman, master, brothers, and sisters, was established in Norwich. King Henry V. confirmed it by letters patent under the great seal, made it perpetual, and granted it certain privileges and immunities (Madox, Firma Burgi). In like manner guilds were formed in Bristol, Exeter, and other large towns. These guilds, through the munificence of individuals, b.v degrees amassed considerable wealth. By Henry VIII. the property and rev- enues of these religious guilds were seized and perpetually vested in the Crown. See Brother- hoods, Religious. The Guild Merchant. In its early stages the guild merchant was doubtless a ])rivate institu- tion, designed solely to protect the interests of its members. By the twelfth century it had become in England and in some Continental cities a semi- public body, possessing by charter a monopoly of all trade carried on within the town. Those who were not of the guild might, indeed, sell their wares, but not at retail. They were, moreover, subjected to all sorts of petty exactions from which guild members were exempt. Entrance to the guild merchant was free to all burgesses who would share in the 'scot and lot' — the general