Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/396

* GUIANA. SiS GUICCIARDINI. Sahit (of which the Ilo ihi Diable. mentioned on preceding page, is one) form a desirable harbor. There are 27 elementary schools, with 2000 scholars. Hi.sTORY. The coast of Guiana was first visited in. 14'Jll and loOO by Ojeda. Vespucci, and Pinzon. The Spaniards planted a few settlements in the region, none of which seem to have had any long existence. Missionaries visited the interior during the sixteenth century. The tales of El Dorado aroused interest in this corner of South America, but the main current of settlement and explora- tion was along the t*rinoco and to the westward of UK/dcrn Guiana. Ralegh, who first made the name widely known, in 1595, confined his opera- tions almost entirely to the river, although his sailing masters in 1504 and succeeding years carefully explored the coast to the east. After the formation of the Dutch West India Company in 1621, the Dutch, who had settled on the Pom- erun River as early as 1581, and had explored the Guiana coast more fully in 1597 and 1598, gained a permanent foothold at the head of the Essequibo delta, where a settlement had been existing since 1613. In 1648 the Treaty of Westphalia con- firmed the Dutch West India Company in posses- sion of the territory, ileanwhile the French had settled near Cape Orange, and the English near the mouth of the Surinam. In 1667 this English colony was exchanged with Holland for Xew Xetherlands or Xew York. Things remained in much the same condition until 1803. when Eng- land captured Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo from the Dutch, who formally surrendered them by treaty in 1814. The three colonies, compris- ing some 76.000 square miles, were consolidated in 1831. The boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela (q.v.) ceased to be a subject of dispute after the arbitration treaty of 1897. BiBLiOGKAPHT. JIartin. By'itish Colonics (Lon- don, 1849-51) ; Dalton, History of Britis.h Guiana (London, 1854) : Duff, BrifisJi Guiana (Glasgow, 1866) ; Palgrave. Dutch Guiana (London. 1876) ; Bronkhurst, Cnlont/ of Biilish Guiana and Labor- ing Population (ih., 18S3) : Rodway, A Handbook of British Guiana (Georgetown. 18931 ; id.. His- tory of British Guiana (3 vols.. Georgetown, 1891-94) ; Lc I'ays-Bas: La colonic Surinam (Amsterdam, 1898), and the Dutch statistical works, published annually by the Government ; Xorman, Colonial France (London, 1886) : Viala. Lcs trots Cruyanes (Montpellier, 1893) ; Bas- si&res. Notice siir la Guyane (Paris. 1900); Brousseau. Lcs richesses de la Guyane fran^aisc (ib., 1901). GXJIANGA, gt>-;in'ga, GUANGA. goo-iin'gS. A wild Malayan people in Davao Province, Min- danao: speech separate. Compare Dulangan, Manguanga, Mangulanga. See Philippines. GTJIB, g^vib (African name). One of the 'harnessed' antelo[>es. or bushbucks (Tragclaphus scriptus), of Southeastern Africa, which former- ly were extremely numerous, and are still scat- tered from Abyssinia to the Cape. It is the .small- est of the genus, not larger than a goat in size, and shows a. great variety of coloration, which varies from dark brown to pale rufous, irregular- ly streaked and spotted with white. It keeps near the watercourses, hiding in dense thickets. See Plate of Gazelles. GUIBERT DE NOGENT. ge'bar' (e nft'zh-iN' (1053c. 1124). A French historian and theologian, bom near Clermont (Oise). He is said to have been instructed by Saint Anselm, and became Abbot of Xotre Dame de Xogent in 1104. His principal work is the history of the first Crusade, written probably from 1095-1101. called the best of contemporary accounts. He also wrote an autobiography and several other works. A com- plete edition of these was issued in 1651. GUIBERT, gf'bar', or WIBEIIT, vi^'hort, OF RAVENNA (c. 1020-11(1(1). Antipopc with the nam>? Clement 111., 1080-1099. He was born be- tween 1020 and 1030^ and in 1073 became Arch- bishop of Ravenna. He quarreled with Gregory VII. (q.v.). by whom he was suspended in 1075 and>exconunuuicated in 1078. In 1080 the Em- jjeror Henry IV. (q.v.) had him chosen Pope in opposition to Giegory at Bixe, and he was enthroned at Rome four years later, after the Em]icror had ca])tured the city. After the death of Gregory tiuibert contested the Papal See with Victor Ili. and Crban II. In 1099 he made his submission to Paschal II. GUICCIARDINI, gve'char-de'n^, Francesco (14831540 1. An Italian statesman and his- torian, bom of noble parentage at Florence. The studies of law and literature engrossed his ear- liest attention, and before he reached the age of twenty-three he was elected professor of law by the signoria of Florence. His knowledge of in- ternational law and his tact in the conduct of public affairs caused him to be selected in 1512 by the signoria as Ambassador to the Court of Ferdinand, King of Aragon. During a period of two years he discharged his diplomatic duties with ability. In 1515 he was dispatched l>y the Republic of Florence to receive at Cortona Pope Leo X. This pontift" at once secured Guicciar- dini's services, and committed to him the govern- ment of Modena and Reggio, and finally of Parma. Under Clement VII. he was for some years gov- ernor of the Romagna, and finally of Bologna. On the accession of Paul III. (1534), Guicciar- dini resigned all his dignities, and returned to Florence, where Alexander de' iledici had been made sovereign by Charles V. On the assassina- tion of Alexander. Guicciardini promoted materi- ally the elevation of Cosimo de' Medici; but meet- ing with no special favor from that prince, he withdrew from Florence to his villa at Arcetri, where he commenced his famous work La storia d'ltalia, the greatest historical work of the six- teenth cenrury. He died before its completion. In 1561. twenty-one years after his death, the first sixteen books of his history were published at Florence, and three years later, at Venice, four additional books appeared. The work is considered a standard of classical historical writing, inde- pendently of its value as a minute and faithful record of the period it embraces, from 1490 to 1534. A magnificent Italian edition was pub- lished at Freiburg (1775-70), and another at Pisa in 1819, edited by Rosini. An earlier work than the Storia d'Ftalia was the Storia fiorcntina, composed about l.iOO, and dealing with the his- tory of Florence from 1378 to 1509: it is marked by an impartial and keenly searching spirit. In 1857-67 there appeared at Florence Operc inedite di Francesco Guicciardini. comprising: Considera- nioni intorno ai discorsi del Machiavelli. liicordi politiei e cirili — Discorsi politici (vol. i.) : Del regflimento di Fireme, Discorsi intorno allc mu- tnzioni e riforme del qorerno fiorentino (vol. ii.): Storia fiorentina (vol. iii.) ; Lettere e