Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/386

* GUEKCINO. 342 GUERIN-MENEVILLE. of the cupola of the Cathedral of Piacenza — a remarkable technical production, in coloring, fore- shortening, and relief. The subjects represented are: "Prophets with Angels," "Sibyls," and "Scenes from the New Testament." Upon the death of Guido Reni (q.v.) in 1642, Guercino attempted to fill his place at Bologna. He imitated Guide's manner, but without success, losing his own strength and vigor, ilost of his pictures in Bologna and several in the Louvre are in this last manner. He died at Bologna, Febru- ary 22, IGGG, leaving a large school. His house at Cento, with its fine paintings and fresco decorations, is still preserved, and the church there also contains several of his works. Guercino left 250 large pictures, besides fres- coes and smaller works, and a ntimber of draw- ings. Among his chief paintings, besides those mentioned above, are: "Saint Bruno and His Companions in the Desert," in the Gallery of Bologna, and the "Capture of Saint Eoch" (1G18), a fresco in San Rocco, Bologna; ''Saint Peter Raising Tabitha," in the Pitti Palace. Flor- ence; the "Death of Dido," in the Spada Palace, Rome; "Abraham Casting Off Hagar," in the Brera, Slilan ; the "Prodigal Son," in the jMuseura of Turin, the last two belonging to his later period; "Cephalos and Procris," at Dresden; the "Ecstasy of Saint Francis," in the Louvre; the "Assumption of the Virgin," at Saint Peters- burg. Consult : Calvi, yoti~ie deUa vita di Barhicre (Bologna, 1S42) ; Malvasia, Felsina pit- irice (ib.. 1G7S) : Dohme, Kiinst und Kunstlcr Italicns, vol. iii. (Leipzig, 1887). GTJEREBA, ga-riilia (South American name ) . The black howler monkey. See Howler. GIXEREZA, ge-re'zft (African name). A strikingly adorned monkey {Colohus giiere^a) of eastern Central Africa, found in forests from southern Abyssinia to Jlount Kilimanjaro, and westward beyond Lake Albert Kyanza. The head, body, and limbs are covered with black hair of moderate length; but a line of long hair, which hangs below the flanks, rises on botli sides of the back and forms a white mantle. The dark face is also surrounded by a white fringe, so that long whiskers lie flat on the cheeks. The long tail terminates in a white tuft. The local variety on Mount Kilimanjaro exhibits these features in their highest perfection, the tail being 'feathered' throughout its whole length with hair described by Abbott as glistening like sptm glass. This long black and white fur so closely harmonizes with the moss on the trees that the monkeys are unrecognizable at a very short distance. This species is nowhere very mimerous, since it has been persistently sought by the natives for the sake of its skin, with which the Abyssinian soldiers adorned their shields, while the Masai warriors used the white mantle and tail as a part of their battle costume. No specimen has thus far been taken to Europe alive. Consult books of exploration in East Africa, especially those of Thomson, Johnston. Abbott, and Gregory. See Kino ]Ionkey; and Plate of Monkeys of the Old ^'oRi.n. GUERICKE, g;1're-kp. Otto von (1602-86). A celebrated physicist, known chiefly by his dis- coveries regardinc the nature and effects of air. He was born at ^lagdeburg. and studied in Ger- many and Holland, subsequently traveling in England and France, and becoming later an engineer in the army of Gustavus Adolphus. In 1U4G he was made Burgomaster of Magdeburg, and became greatly interested in the philosophi- cal discussions over the vacuum which were in progress. The experiments of Galileo and Pas- cal on the weight of air led Guericke to at- tempt the creation of a vacuum. His first ex- periment was made by filling a stout barrel with water and then pumping out the water, but it was found that no sooner was a vacuum produced in the barrel than the air forced its way through. He next took a globe of copper provided with a stop-cock, and having an opening at the bottom, into which a pump was fitted. To his astonish- ment he found that the pump extracted the air quite as well as the water, and when he opened the cock the air- rushed in with a whistling noise. This, the first air-pump, was invented about 10.50. (See AlR-PlllP. ) Guericke's invention soon became famous, and in 1G54 he was summoned to the presence of the Emperor Ferdinand III. of Germany at Ratisbon, at which time he made the famous experiment commonly known as the 'ilagdeburg Hemispheres' ( q.v. ). (liuericke's Oc 'acuo 1^ patio, a work in seven books, written in 16G3, was published in 1672, and the third book, which contains an account of his experiments, was translated into German and published in Ost- wald's Klassiker, Xo. 59 (Leipzig. 1854). CJue- ricke's name is also associated with the begin- nings of scientific investigation in the field of electricity. In his experiments he applied fric- tion to a sphere of sulphur. GUE'rIN, ga'r;tN', Georges Maubice DE (1810- 30) . A French poet. He was born in Languedoc, entered the Church, and became a member of the religious community of La Chesnaye. In 1838 he was appointed an instructor in the Collfege Stanislas, Paris. His poems were collected in 1860 as Reliqitice, edited by Trebutien, with a critique by Sainte-Beuve. His genius was ex- ceptional, its most distinctive characteristic being its comprehensive view of nature. — His sister ErcfiNiE (1805-48) was remarkable for her brilliancv. and for her devotion in caring for him. Her Journals and Letters (1862) are charming in style, and reveal her saintly spirit. For a most penetrative and svmpathetic stu.dy of his life and work, consult Matthew Arnold. Essaj/s in (Viticism (1865). Consult also Harriet Parr, Maurice and Eugenie de Guerin (London, 1870). GtTERIN, Pierre Narcisse. Baron (1774- 1833). A French historical painter, bom in Paris, May 13, 1774. He was a pupil of Jean Baptiste Regnault (q.v.). and was entirely under the influence of David. His works are good in line, but cold in color and sentiment. The best of them, the "Return of Marcus Sextus" (1799), in the Louvre, is of unustial pathos. Others are: the "Off'ering to -Esculapius" (1802) : "Pyrrhus and Andromache"; ".'Eneas and Dido" (1813): "Ch-temnestra" (1817) — all in the Louvre; and "Xapoleon Pardoning the Rebels in Cairo." at Versailles. Gtn'rin was made member of the Institute and of the Order of Saint ilichel in 1819: director of the French Academy at Rome in 1822, baron in 1829, an'd oflicer of the Legion of Honor in 1832. He died in Rome. July 16, 1833. Among his pupils were Sigallon, GSricault, and Delacroix (q.v.). GTTERIN-MENEVrLLE, ma'n'-vfl'. FfiLix Edou.rd (1799-1874). A French naturalist.