Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/385

* GUELPHS AND GHIBELXINES. 341 GUERCINO. vhich the followers of Conrad III. (the first of the llohenstaufeii emperors) are said tu have Jigured in the battle of Weinsberg, in which Welf "1., uncle of llenrj' the Lion, was defeated in 1140. About the beginning of the thirteenth century we find the names Ghibellines and Guelphs in use in Italy. The former may, in gen- eral, be described as the upholders of the Im- perial authority in Italy (or, at the beginning, the supporters of the Hohenstaufen), the latter as the opponents of the Emperors. The opposi- tion to imperial authority in Italy arose from two distinct parties, which, for the most part, made conuuon cause with each other — from the Church, wliieh sought to assert its independ- ence of the emperors, and from the principali- ties and city republics, which contended for their provincial or municipal rights and liber- ties. The Guelphs may therefore, in a measure, be said to have represented the National party. Florence, Bologna, and Milan took, as a general rule, the side of the Guelphs; while Pisa, Verona, and Arezzo were Ghibelline. Florence, especially, was the great stronghold of the Guelphs. The great Italian families in like manner took op- posite sides, but the policy of each family fre- quently varied. As a rule, the nobles of the more northern districts of Italy inclined to the Ghibelline side, while those of the central dis- tricts were Guelphs. By degrees, however, and especially after the downfall of the preponder- ance of the German emjjerors in Italy, the con- test ceased to be a strife of principles, and de- generated into a mere struggle of rival factions availing themselves of the prestige of ancient names and traditional or hereditary prejudices. In 1334 Benedict XII. practically disallowed al- together the reality of the grounds of division between the parties, by proscribing, under pain of the censures of the Church, the further use of those once-stirring names, which had long been the rallying words of a sanguinary war- fare. After the fourteenth century we read lit- tle more of Guelphs or Ghibellines as actually existing parties. Consult: Browning, Guelphs and OfubrlUnes (London. 1893) ; TroUope, His- iory of the CommonweaUh of Florence (Lon- don, 1865) ; also the general works on mediaeval history referred to under Italy and Germany. See Florence; Hohenstaufen; Italy. HEAD OF GTIEMAL. GtTEMAL, gft-mal' (South American name). Either of two species of small deer confined to the Andes. They are distinguished from other deer (as the subgenus Furcifer) by their antlers, which have but a single forking, of which the front prong is the longer and projects straight forward, by the tusks in the upper jaws of both se.xes, and also by the uniform coloratiou of the fawns. One species (Cercus Vhilensis) inhabits Southern Chile, and the other (ijcrcus Antiaiensia) the highlands of Peru. GiJEMEZ PACHECO DE PADILJ^A HOB- CASITAS, gwa'math i*i-clia'kr. da jia-ue'lyd or'ka-sC-'tas, Juan Vicente, Conde de Kevillagi- gedo (1740-99). A Spanish administrator, born at Havana, Cuba. He won military distinction in the Peninsular wars, and in 1789 was ap- pointed Viceroy of Buenos Ayres. Soon after- wards he was transferred to the Viceroyalty of Mexico, in which post he was continued until 1794. His administration was among the most beneficent in the history of Spanish rule in Jlexico. Afterwards he yas Director-General of the Artillery of the Spanish Army. GXTENDOLEN, gwen'do-len. Wife of Locrine and daughter-in-law of the legendary King Bru- tus, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth's Chron- icles. Through jealous rage, she drowned Sa- brina. her husband's illegitimate daughter, in the river Severn. GUENON, ge-noN' (Fr., ape, monkey). A term for a group of African monkeys, forming the large genus Cercopithecus, and including the malbrouak, vervet, grivet, green, patas, mona, diana, and various other species, elsewhere men- tioned. All are small, slender, arboreal in habit, gregarious, strikingly colored, and so hardy and docile in captivity that they furnish the most familiar forms to menageries. They are the servants of organ-grinders, and pets on shipboard and in the house all over the world. These are the monkeys best known by the an- cients of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and probably were those designated by the Latin name Ceius, now applied to an American group alone. Ana- tomically they more closely resemble the langurs than any other group. GTJERCINO, gwer-che'n* (It., squint-eyed), a nickname of CJiovanni Francesco Barbieri (1591-1660). An Italian painter. He was born at Cento, near Bologna, February 8, 1591. the son of a peasant. There is a difference in opinion as to his first masters at Cento and in Bologna, hut they were certainly of the Eclectic School, and it is likely that he was influenced by the works of Lodovico Carracci (q.v.). His earliest works, however, show the influence of Caravaggio (q.v.), whose pictures he certainly saw. and are marked by strong contrasts of light and shade and by the naturalism of that master. In 1616 Guercino founded a popular school of painting at Cento; in 1019 and 1020 he visited Ferrara at Venice, and in 1021-23 he was at Rome. The in- fluence of these travels is seen in the works of his second period, which are his best. His designs be- came grander, his sense of color more refined, and his heads more characteristic. 'To this period belong the "Raising of Saint Petronella," in the museum of the Capitol at Rome: his fresco of "Aurora," in the Villa* Ludovisi. Rome: and his "Saint William of Aquitaine Assuming the Monk's Garb," in the Gallery of Bnloirna. Upon the death of his patron. Gregory XV.. in 1623, Guercino returned to Cento, where he made his home until 1642. In 1619 he painted the frescoes