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* GUBERNATIS. 339 GTJDRTJN. to Berlin to perl'oit himself in philologj'. In 1863 he was apiKiiuted, as professor extraor- dinary, to the chair of Sanskrit in the Istituto dcgli studj superior! at Florence, and in ISlJ!) he became full professor. He was attracted by the socialistic theories of Bakunin, and not long after his first appointment vacated liis chair, that he might be free to carry out those views, but he soon discarded them, and after some hesitation was reappointed in 1807. He was called to the University at Rome in 1891. De Gubernatis has been active as a dramatist, lyric poet, journal- ist, critic, Orientalist, and mj'thologist. His early works wei'e contributions to Sanskrit scholarship. The Zobloyical Mytholoyij, pub- lished in London (1872), gave him a Euro- pean reputation. Among his scientific and liter- ary works may also be mentioned his dramas, such as the trilogy II re Xala (1859), the Don Hodrigo (IStil ), the Dminmi indiani (1872), the Savilri (1877) : his works dealing with Oriental studies, as, for example, the Piccola enciclopedia indiana (1867), the Fonti vedirhe dcW epopca (1868), the Milologia vcdica (1874), the Maiiu- ale di storia dclla Ictteratura indiana (188'2); his investigations into mythology, such as the llaniiale di tnitologia comparata (1880) ; his im- portant biographical compilations, the Dizionario biografico dcgli scrittori contevxporanei (1879- 80). and the continuations since 1888 (cf. the Diclionnaire international des ccrivains du jour, 1888), the Ricordi hiografici (187.3), the Dizio- nario degli artisti italiani viventi (1889-92) ; and the great history of literature and anthology en- titled Storia universale delta lettcratura dai primi tempi e presso tutti i popoli civili fino ai nostri giorni, eon florilegi da ogni letteratura (1882-85). He founded and carried on many periodicals and reviews; e.g. La letteratura civile (1859) : La cicilla ilaliuna (18G5) ; liirista orientate (1807-68); Ricista europea (1869-76); Bolletlino italiano dcgli studj orientali (1876 el seq. ) ; Revue internationale (1883-87). A contributor to many reviews, he also has directed the Giornale delta societi asiatica italiana since 1887. GUDDEN, good'dcn, Beknhabd von (1824- 86 ). A German physician, born at Cleves, and educated at Bonn, Berlin, and Halle. He special- ized in the cara of the insane ; became assistant physician at the asylums in Siegburg and Illenau ; then director of an establishment near Wiirzburg, and in 1869 professor of psychiatry at Zurich. From this position he went in 1872 to a like chair at Munich, where he also had charge of the dis- trict insane asylum of Upper Bavaria. En- nobled in 1875, he became physician to Prince Otho of Bavaria, and had charge of the mad King Louis IL, with whom he died (1886) in the at- tempt to keep him from suicide by drowiiing in the Starnbergersee. His works include: Bci- triige zur Lchrc von der Scabies (2d ed. 1863) ; Experiment aluntcrsuchungen iiber Sehadelwachs- tvm (1874); and the po.sthumous papers col- lected by Grashey (1889). With Westphal he edited Arrhiv fiir Psychiatrie tind Nervenkrank- Jwiten (1868 et seq.). GTJDE, giw'dr. H.N.s (1825-1003). A Norwe- gian painter, born at C'hristiania. He was a pupil of the Diisspldorf .^cadeniv. and was appointed a professor there in 1854. In 1862 he went to Eng- land. Two years later he was made professor at Karlsruhe, and afterwards was appointed to a similar position at the Berlin Academy (1880). Among his numerous works are "Bridal I'roces- sion on Hardanger Fjord" (1848); "Summer Evening on Norwegian Lake" (1851); "Calm Sea," "Norwegian Harbor of Refuge" (1873); and "Harbor of Christiania" (1881). They are cliaracterized by solid composition and good eoloi'. GUDGEON, guj'on (Fr. goujon, It. gobione, from Lat. gobio, from tu/ii6s, kObios, gudg- eon). A fish (Gobio fluiiuliUs) of the carp fam- ily, Cyprinida', resembling the chub. It is very connnon in the streams of Europe, particularly such as have gravelly bottoms and occasional pools and rapids. It is about eiglit inches long, has large scales, a barbule at the angle of the mouth, and a forked tail. The upper parts are brown spotted with black, and white below. The gudgeons swim in shoals, feed on worms, mol- lusks, and other small animals, are ready biters, and are easily cauglit. Jinny are taken with the casting net in shallow water and kept alive in the mari^ets until sold. They are excellent food. There are other species in Europe. Nearly related species occur in America, but they are not laiown by this name. GUDIN, gu'da^'', Tueodoke (1802-80). A Freiicli landscape and marine painter. He was bcrn in Paris, August 15, 1802, and studied for some time under Girodet-Trioson. Under Louis Philippe and Napoleon III. he was marine painter to the Court. In 1838 he was commis- sioned by the Government to paint a cycle of ninety pictures glorifying the French Navy for the Gallery of Versailles. His first works were fine 'in color and spirited in execution, but he soon lapsed into inferior worlc. His chief paint- ings are: the "Burning of the Kent in the Bay of Biscay" and the "Hurricane of Wind in the Roadstead of Algiers. January 7. 1831." both in the Louvre. Gudin was commander of the Legion of Honor and received many foreign decorations. He died at Boulogne-sur-Seine, April 11, 1880. GTJDRUir, goij-droon'. The chief of the Low German epic sagas, taking the place of the Nibelungen saga in High Germany. The legend is preserved only in a High German poem by an unknown author. It tells how King Hagen of Ireland had a daughter, Ililde, whose suitors he was wont to kill. Undiseouraged, King Hettel of Denmark sends a secret embassy, who per- suade the willing maid to flee with them to him over sea. Hettel meets the bride on the shore, but the father is in hot pursuit. There is a fight on the beach. Hettel saves Hagen's life, and there is a happy reconciliation. Tliis is the pre- lude. Hilde has a daughter, Gudrun. She. too, loves a foreign prince, Herwig of Zealand; but while her father is away 'fighting the iloors,' a rival, Hartung of Normandy, carries her away. As before, the father pursues on his return and with him Herwig. There is another fine battle scene. Hettel is killed, and Hartung carries away GudiTin for seven years' hard captivity, soothed by Hartung's sister. Ortrnn, and terminated by a rescue through her lover and her l)rother Ortwin, all ending as before in a reconciliation. We have a higher stage of moral evolution, a more Christian standard than in the Xibrlungenlied, and so. naturally, in the course of the epic there is a more thoughtful insight into the complex aspects of human nature. There is also a more