Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/36

* GOLDSMITH. 18 GOLDSTUCKER. January 20, 1708. It did not meet with great favor. Dislieartencd, he turned again to hack work; but in 1770 he published his finest poem, "The Deserted Village." On March 15, 177.3. .SVic Stoops lo VoiK/iirr, unsurpassed among later Eng- lish comedies, was performed at Covent Garden, and met with insUmt success. Goldsmith died in his chambers at the Middle Temple, April 4,1774, and was buried in the grounds of the Temple Church. The Literary Club erected a monument to his memory in Westminster Abbey, bearing an epitaph of Dr. Johnson. His statue stands at the portal of Trinity College, Dublin. While Gold- smith was producing his finest work, he was also compiling histories and writing reviews. Among productions not mentioned above are: The flrrcicin History (1774) ; the incomplete History of Ani- mated Nature (1774) ; and the delightful poems, "Retaliation'' (1774) and "The Haunch of Veni- f'on" (17"i. (ioldsiiiith was the most natural English genius of liis time. He did not possess Johnson's massive intellect, nor Burke's passion and general force; but he wrote the finest poem, the most charming novel, and — with the excep- tion perhaps of The Hchool for Scandal — the best comedy of the period. Than his style, nothing could be more natural, simple, and graceful. For his Life, consult: Forster (London. 1848; enlarged ed. 1854) ; Irving (New York, 1849) ; Black, in IJiifiUfili Men of Letters (London. 1879) ; and Dobson, in Great Writers (London, 1888) ; also Boswell, Life of Dr. Johnson (London, 1889) ; and the Wakefield edition of the Com- plete Works (12 vols., London, 1900). GOLDSMITH BEETLE. A large scaraband beetle {Cotalpa lanigera) of the Eastern United States, allied to the dung-beetles, and golden yellow in color. It is especially fond of willow- trees, where it hides and nests among the leaves in the daytime, going abroad only at night. It deposits its large eggs singly in the soil, and the larval stages, which extend over about three years, are passed underground. The name is applied in a more general way to all the beetles of the group Rutelina?, of which many of the largest and most brilliantly metallic inhabit Cen- tral .America. GOLDSMITH'S MAID. A bay trotting mare, sired by Abdallah, and famous between 1866 and 1878". In 1871 she took the mile trot- ting record from Dexter in 2:17; but in 1874 was beaten by Rarus (2:1314). GOLDSMITHS' NOTES. The earliest form of bank-notes; so called because goldsmiths were the first bankers. GOLDSMITH'S WORK. Metal-work of the finest and most elaborate, though not always the most artistic sort, such as is done with gold, with electron or with silver gilt, which la.st is so much used in decorative art as to be admitted as a metal — the French i^ermeil being used in recent times in this sense alone. Goldsmith's work in- cludes repousse work (q.v.), and soldering of part to part, including the attaching of minute balls or grains of gold, a system followed very largely in antiquity. It includes also striking with the die and the pun-'h, and saw-piercing, spinning, and other industrial processes especially in use in the making of cheaper and more shovy work. Enameling is in use for all kinds of goldsmith's work, as an added adornment. Goldsmith's work is divisible into the two main departments of plate and jewelry, or the making of vessels and receptacles of all sorts on the one hand, and the making of personal adornments, on the other hand. There are some pieces of work that seem to iKild a place half way between these departments; (lius the making of watch-cases, if they are other than plain circular cases of no elaboration of ornament, that is, if they are embossed, incrusted with enamel, or set with jewels, may l)e very refined goldsmith's wcrk, hard to classify. In this connection may be mentioned the peculiar technical matter of perfect box-making, a thing which is rare in Euroi^ean goldsmith's work. Thus a watch-case, twelve-sided or sixteen-sided instead of round, and with four or five separate rims and edges to fit one upon another, is a triumph if it has not visible (laws; and Ihe best adjustment of very fine and delicate hinges is also a great virtue in fine work. The most refined in design of all goldsmith's work is that done imder Greek inliiience in an- tiquity. Not many specimens of it remain, and we are ignorant how general was the use of the more difficult and delicate mechanical processes; for much of the gold found in tombs is roughly and slightly made, as if a mere simulacrum — a conferring upon the dead a mere semblance of the objects belocd during life. The few gold vases, and similar large objects that have come down to us are of a period later than the central epoch of Greek art; moreover, they are generally the 'finds' of explorers in remote provinces — Kerteh on the Black Sea or in the Spanish Peninsula, or in the lands of the Lower Danube, like Pctrossa, near Bucharest, in the Kingdom of Rumania. The goldsmith's work that we study most carefully for suggestions in design is that of the Middle .4ges. and the Renaissance for the large pieces, like liturgical vessels, and that of the eigliteenth century for small objects of personal use ; but personal jewelry is, in the main, of modern origin in its design and manufacture. It is rare, how- ever, to find in modern work any special artis- tical merit. The demand for very costly stones set in a showy way by those who alone can afford to spend money liberally makes the evolu- tion of highly organized design in metal-work very difficult. " See Jewelry. GOLD STICK. A superior officer in the Eng- lish R.iyal Body-Guard, and a captain in the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. They are so called because, on state occasions, they carry a gilded baton. GOLDSTTTCKER, golt'stu-ker, Theodor (1821-72). A German-English Sanskrit scholar. He vas born of Jewish parents at KJinigsberg, Prussia, and was educated at that city and in Bonn and Paris, where he was collaborator with Burnouf on the Introduction a I'histoire dii Botid- dhisme indien. After a visit to England and a so- journ of two years at Konigsberg, he went to Ber- lin, where he contributed valuable material on Indian afl'airs to Humboldt's Kosmos. Soon after- wards he went to England, and in 1852 was ap- pointed professor of Sanskrit at I'niveVsity Col- lege, London. During an activity of nearly thirty years at that institution, he did much toward the advancement of Oriental science. He was an able controversialist, but frequently permitted him- self to be carried too far in his attacks on such dis- tinguished scholars of the German school as Bdht- lingk, Weber, and others. His writings include: