Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/344

* GROUCHY. 306 GROUND-DOVE. letters. After tlio .Inly Revolution of 1830 he was recognized as a marslial of l''rance, and re- sinned Ills scat in the Chamber of I'ecrs. He was forced, from time to time, to defend liimself against the attacks of his former generals of stall':, and died Jlay 29, 1847, before he was fully rehabilitated. His most important writings ap- ]X'ar in the Fruymcnts hislorigues relatifs a la campagiw ct A la bataille de Waterloo (Paris, 1830). Consult, also: Mimoires du marcchal Marquis de Croiichi/, edited by his grandson (Paris, 1873-74) ; the histories of the campaign of 1815 by Jomini (Paris, 1841), Charras (Brus- sels, 18.57), and tjuincet (Paris, 1862). GROUND (AS. grund, ground, earth, founda- tion). In painting, the material with which the canvas or panel is covered pri'])aratory to paint- ing, also called priming. Canvases are known as absorbent or non-absorbent, single-primed or double-primed, and are thus prepared to meet the taste of the artist, both as regards their character and their color. The Italians of the Renaissance used white gi'ounds in paintings on wood, but with the increased use of canvas they preferred a dull red. The Dutch and Flemings chose light tints, varying from white to gray. This is also the present practice. The prepara- tion of grounds was formerly considered of great importance. Of contemporary painters Burne- Jones is said to have often prepared his grounds, and then set them aside for years to dry and get thoroughly set. Most modern painters, how- ever, attach less importance to priming. A good uniform ground of light tint is generally accept- able, as the covering of the pigments is now. in all competent work, of so great a body and Ihick- ness that the ground counts for little or nothing in the final processes of a painting. For the ground in engraving and etching, consult the articles on these subjects. GROUND-ALMOND. See Chufa. GROUND-ANNUAL. In the law of Scot- land, an aiunial rent or annuity paid by the owner of land to a creditor, or to the vendor of the land. Thus, when a vendor sells his land, and instead of taking a lump sum for the price, pre- fers a sum by way of a perpetual annuity or rent, he conveys the land in fee to the disponee or purchaser, subject to this ground-annual, which is a burden on the lands forever after. The vendor or creditor is called the ground-an- nualer. and if the ground-annual is not paid he is entitled as a remedy to poind the ground, i.e. seize all the goods, whether of the owner or his tenants, which are found on the lands, and pay himself, or he may sue the debtor. But he cannot, as a ground-landlord can do in England, poind the goods of the debtor's tenants to a greater extent than the current terra's rent or arrears due by them. The ground-annual is the .Scotch equivalent of the rent charge reserved by the vendor of land in England, and of the fee-fai'm rent of American law, while poinding is the common-law remedy of distress (q.v.). GROUND-BEETLE. A beetle of one of the largest and most important families of beetles. Carabidse, so called because they live on or beneath the surface of the soil. About 12.000 spe- cies have been described in this family, and 1100 of them occur in North .meriea. Most of them are predaceons and carnivorous, and both adults and larva; are swift runners. Their colors are dull metallic blue, green, brown, or black, and they are often ornamented by longitudinal ridges and rows of punctures. Botli aciults and larv;c feed mainly U]ion insects, slugs and snails, but also eat dead aninnil Uesh, .Some fonns eat young growing corn, young seeds, and ripe strawberries. The family is generally useful to agriculture, for its various members feed on such destructive forms as the potato-beetle and its larvic, the June beetle and cutworm. Certain species even' ascend trees in search of canker-worms and plum-curculios. Seashore forms feed on tlie beech- ilea (Gammarus). A number of blind species inhabit caves both in Kuro]ie and America (see Cave Animals), and other small blind forms dwell under large stones. Not one of this last class has ever Ix'en found above ground, so that each colony may have been confined for genera- tions under its respective stone. Certain other species live under stones at the seashore, which are covered at each high tide, and come out only when the tide is low. Still others occur in the nests of termites; these so strongly re- semble the termite queens that one may easily mistake the one for tlie other, and they prob- ably prey upon the termites. Some forms pro- duce a loud noise by raising the tip of the abdomen and rubbing it against a file on the wing-cases. These are the 'squeakers' that are sold in Covent Garden market. London. Some forms are aquatic, and others live in wet sands of rivers and pools. Certain adult and larval forms lie awaiting their prey in holes in the ground, from which they bound out when the victim is sufficiently ne.ar. The overpoweringly fetid odor of a small species (Nomius p^jHitcits) is described bv Barrows (Proc. Assoc. Econ. Ent., W.ashington. 'l897). In the United States the ground-beetles can only be confused with the darkling beetles (Tenebrionid.T) of California: the ground-beetles have five-jointed tarsi, while the darklings have only four joints in the hind tarsi. The 'searcher* {CalofiOiiin .srriitalor) is one of our commonest groiuid-bectles. It is vio- let, blue, and green, with red margins on the wing- covers, and sometimes ascends trees in search of caterpillars. The bombardier-beetle (Lehia grandis), which closely resembles the bombar- diers and is frequently an enemy of the potato- beetle, and the genus Harpalus. are other common ground-beetles. The last named are black, and feed to a considerable extent on cutworms. GROUND-CHERRY. See Physalis. GROUND-CUCKOO. See Coucal. GROUND-DOVE, or GROUND-PIGEON. A pigeon of terrestrial habits. Several genera have short and rounded wings, with nuich in- ferior power of flight to pigeons in general : their legs are longer, and their feet rathep adapted for walking than for grasping. They are little arboreal in their habits, but live mostly on the ground. Many of them run very quickly. They have not in general much brilliancy of plumage, but among them are the beautiful Ijronzewinss (q.v.) of Australia. In the Southern United States, Bernuida, and the West Indies the name 'ground-dove' is especially applied to the diminu- tive little dove Colvunbigallina passerina.a plain- colored but handsome bird, which is common in those regions. These doves are less than seven inches long, are almost always on the ground (though they roost at night in trees), and arc