Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/343

* GROTIUS. 305 GROUCHY. superior poetical powers; he was one of the best modfni writers of Latin verse, ami lil<cwise composed poems in Dutch. In spite of his wiuuicving and eheel<ercd career, Crolius found time to write a great variety of worlis. The tirst was the Mure Liberinn, in which lie defended the freedom of the Dutch East India trade. His chief work, however, is that entitled De Jure Belli et Pads, which has been translated into all the principal languages of Europe. It nuiy be considered as the basis of inlernalinual law, and has been much used as a textbook on the subject. Among his other works wc may men- tion Aniiolex et Historia- de Rrhtix Hchjieix (Am- sterdam, 1657), written in a style that rivals Tacitus for concise and pointed power; Aibiiola- liunes in ]'etus Testumentiim {Paris, 1(144) ; De Hnfisfactione Christi: and Ue Veritate Rc- ligionis Christiance (Leyden, 1027), remarkable for its clear arrangement, vigorous logic, and elo(|uent style. Consult: Butler, Life of Grotiux (London, 1826); De Vries, Htiiy de flroot en Jfnrin van Reigershergen (Amsterdam, 1.S27); Creuzer, Luther und Hugo Grotius (Heidelberg, 1846). GRO'TON. A town in New London County, Conn,, on the Thames River, opposite New Lon- don, and on the New York. New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Jlap: Connecticut, G 4), It contains the Bill Jlemorial Library, and has large ship-building yards. The government is administered bv annual town meetings. Popu- lation, in 1890,' 5!5.39; in 1900, .'5962. Here occurred, on September 6, 1781, what has been called the 'Massacre of Fort ftriswold.' One hundred and fifty Americans stubbornly resisted an attack of about 800 Tories under Benedict Arnold, who finally forced their way into the fort, and, maddened by the prolonged resistance, butchered the greater part of the survivors after their surrender. Of the 150, 85 were killed and 65 wounded, 35 mortally. A monument marks the site of the fort. Consult: Hixtnrg of Xcir London Countg (Philadelphia, 1882), and an article, "The Massacre of Fort firiswold," in Mnaazine of American History, vol. vii. (New York, 1880). GROTTAGLIE, grottiilya. A city in the Province of Lecce, Italy, 12 miles northeast of Taranto (ilap: Italy, M 7). It has chalk and clay quarries, and markets grain, fruit, wine, oil, cotton, and cattle. Population of commune, in ISSl, 94.31 : in 1901, 11,274. GROTTE, grot'tfl. A town in the Province of Girgcnti, Sicily, 13 miles northeast of the city of Girgenti. Sulphur-mining is the principal industry (Map: Italy, H 10). Population of commune, in 1881. 8808; in 1901, 11,039. GROTTGER, grot'ger, Arthur von (1837- 67). A Pnlisli painter, born at Ottyniowice (Ga- licia ) . He studied in his ow7i country as a boy, and then went to Vienna, where he was a pupil of K;irl Blaas, and afterwards to JIunich, where he studied under Kanlbach. While in Vienna he began to make his reputation as an illustrator. .About 1865 he went to Italy, and a year after- warils to Paris. There he execvited his cycle of twelve cartoons, "In the Valley of Tears," ex- bibited at the Exposition of 1867, and afterwards bought by the Emperor of Austria. They show his skill in composition. His "Warsaw" (seven scenes, 1861), "Poland" (nine scenes, 18G3), "Lithuania" (six scenes, 1863), present a history of Poland profoundly patriotic and profoundly sad. Such works as these, together with the "Meeting of Sobieski and Leopold 1." (1859), have made him a popular painter in Poland. GROUCHY, groo'she', Emmanuel, Marquis de (1766-1847), A French marshal. He was born at Vallette in the Department of Seine- et-Oise, September 5, 1766, He entered (he French Army at the age of fourteen, and by 1789 had risen to the rank of captain in the royal bodyguards. In s])ite of birlh and training, he threw in his lot with the re- publicans, and left the royal guard for a line regiment. In 1792 he was a colonel of chasseurs and camp marshal. His services in Savoy and in La Vendee (1793) were rewarded with the rank of brigadier-general (1794); but the decree of the Convention against the nobles forced his re- tirement for a tin:e. He was reinstated in com- mand in 1795, and took part, as second in com- mand to Hoche, in the Irish expedition (1796), and entered Bantry Bay. In I79S he fought under Joubert in Italy, and later distinguished him.self under Moreau'in Piedmont. His public protest against the coup d'etat of the Eigh- teenth Brumaire did not prevent Napoleon from utilizing his services, and he took part in the campaign on the Danube, distinguishing himself at Hohenlinden (1800). After the Peace of Luneville Grouchy was made inspector-general of cavalry and employed on various impcn-tant missions, becoming one of Napoleon's most trust- ed followers. He was prominent in all the Emperor's campaigns. During the Russian ex- jiedition he commanded a cavalry division at Borodino, and in the retreat led the 'sacred squadron' of officers forming the Imperial body- guard. Nevertheless, he was refused tin; com- mand of an army corps in 1813, but at the close of the year accepted a lesser post, and after fight- ing bravelv against odds, was severely wounded at the battle of Craonnc (1814). The Bourbon restoration resulted in Grouchy's loss of rank and banishment, and on Napoleon's return from Elba Grouchy was one of the first to offer his services. He suppres.sed the Royalists under the Didce of Angouleme, and received a marshal's baton as his reward. He received command of a division of the French Army sent against Wellington and Bliicher. With a force of 35,000 men and 100 guns, he was ordered to operate against Bliicher and the Prussians after their defeat at Ligny, These orders he obeyed too literally, for, in spite of the entreaties of his generals, he remained before Wavre, assail- ing Bliicher's rear-guard of 15,000 men, while the rest of the Prussian army marched to the field of Waterloo. The absence of Grouchy's army resulted in Napoleon's defeat, and caused the Emperor to exclaim: "I would have gained the day but for his stupidity." Grouchy did all he could to repair his fatal error, but the cause of the Emjiire was lost, and he resigned his com- mand under the walls of Paris. T'nder the Sec- ond Restoration he was proscribed, and passed five years in exile in the United States, residing in Philadelphia. Both parties in France reviled him, and an effort was made to condemn him to death. At last, in 1819, he was restored to his titles and estates, though not given the rank of marshal. He lived in retirement near Caen, constiintly de- fending his conduct in 1815 in pamphlets and