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* GKOSVENOB GALLERY. 303 GROTEFEND. by 35 feet wide and 3G feet high. The institution v;is founded by Sir Lindsay C'outts for the [Uir- jjosu of giving uuoUieial i'.liil)itions of art, under conditions quite dill'erent from those usually employed. A jury of selection was dispensed with, and artists of reputation were invited to send any or as many of their works as tlicy de- sired. The interior of the galleries was so decorated and the pictures so arranged that they might be seen under conditions which prevail in private houses. Many Koyal Academicians con- tributed to these exhibitions, but Ibe method of invitation and selection has attracted lo tliem the artists at variance with the Academy, with the result that they represent a newer and less conventional character of English art. The ex- hibition begins May 1st, and is one of the events of the London season. GROSVENOR HOUSE. The city residence of the Duke of Westminster, on Upper Grosvenor ■Street, London ; formerly Gloucester House, built for the Duke of Gloucester, brother of George III. It contains the famous Grosveniu- Gallery. GROSVENOR SQUARE. A square in Lon- don, cast of Hyde Park, noted for its literary and aristocratic associations. Bulwer Lytton spent his later years at No. 12, and Chesterfield House is on South Audley Street, which runs out from the Square. It was laid out in 1716, and many of its houses preserve before their doors the quaint ironwork of that period. GROS VENTRES, gro' vilN'tr' (Fr., great bellies). A name applied by French traders to distinct tribes, the Minitari or Ilidntsa. on the Missouri, and the Arapaho, through misconcep- tion of the tribal designation, meaning 'the people who are hungry,' or 'beggars.' GROT, grot, Nikolai Yakovlevitcii (1S52 — ). A Russian philosopher, born and educated at Saint Petersburg. He successively occupied the chair of philosophy at Niezhin (1876-83), Odessa (1883- 80), and iloscow (after 1886). In his numerous works (written chiefly in Russian), he endeav- ors to evolve a philosophical system, in which the will becomes a primary agent, dominating the external world. He was made editor of the periodical Toprosy filosofi. the first philosophical publication of its kind in Russia. His works in French include: yourcllc rlnasiflrafion des senti- 7>iC)its (1878), and La causnlUc ct hi conservation (Ic I'cnergie (ISflO). His more important pub- lications in Russian are: Psiiclioloriy of the Fe.el- inr/.i (1880): Philosophu a.t Art (1880); A Crilicism on the Conrrption of Free Will (1880) ; and The Mission of Psyeholoriy (1800). GROT, grot. Yakof KAKLOViTcn (1812-03). A Russian philologist, born at Saint Petersburg and educated at Tsarskoe Selo. He held a pro- fessorship in Russian history and literature at Helsiufffors from 1841 to 18.53, and was then appointed to the same position at the Alexander Lyceinn at Saint Petersburg, where he also w-as private tutor to the Grand Duke Alexander, afterwards Czar Alexander III. His principal works are: Filolopiceskya raci/*S;o!H)/a ("Philo- sophical Investigations")' (3d ed., 12 vols., 188.5) ; a critical edition of the work of Dershavin (0 vols., 1864-80) ; The Correspondence of Catharine IT. leith Grimm (1884): and a revised edition of the Russian lexicon of the Academy of Saint Petersburg (first 2 vols.. 1891-92). GROTE, George (1794-1871). An English historian of Greece, born in Kent in 1704. At the age of sixteen., after acquiring an elementary education in Latin and Greek, he entered tlie bank in « hieh his father was a partner. He not only continued his classical studies, however, but gradually drifted into jjliilosophy. He sided with tlie liberal school of thought, to which his crea- tive mind made important contributions. After the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, in favor of which he had zealously written and spoken, he entered the House of Commons as a representa- tive of London. In the beginning of liis public career he commanded a large following, but in time his advanced democratic ideas alienated all supjiorters with the exception of a few 'philo- sophic radicals.' He retired from Parliament in 1841, and two years later from the banking I>usi- ness, to give all his attention to study and writ- ing. Before entering public life he had published t(i'estminster Review, April, I82li) a scathing criticism of ilitford's History of Greece, a recent work from an extreme Tory's point of view. It was partly to right the wrong done by Mitford to the spirit of free institutions, and partly to teach his countrymen a lesson in democracy, that Grote conceived and wrote his magnificent Bislory of Greece. As early as 1822 he had begim planning the work, but his duties as statesman and banker compelled him to defer it till his retirement into private life. The first two volumes appeared in 1845. the twelfth and last in 1S56. The work is pervaded by an intense enthusiasm for Greek democracy, which sometimes leads the author to underrate other forms of government: at the same time it aims to present all the known facts, that the reader may be able to form his own judg- ment. In 1865 he completed in three volumes a work on Plato and the Other Companions of f^ocrates. A thorough realist, the author could not fully appreciate the idealism of Plato, and yet these volumes have a value in presenting cer- tain aspects of Platonic thought which down to his time had passed unnoticed. Grote irame- di.ately began a similar treatise on Aristotle, but did not live to complete it. Meantime he was taking an active interest in education. He was president of University College, vice-chancellor of the University of London — two great non-sec- tarian institutions — and a trustee of the British Museum. He died in 1871 at an advanced age. Consult : Jlrs. Cirote, Personal Life of Georfie Grote (London, 1873) ; his Minor Works, intli Critical Remarks on His Intellectual Chriraeter, Writinys. and Speeches, ed. by Alexander Bain (London. 1873) ; his .iristotle. also ed. by Bain (London, 1872). GROTEFEND, gro'tc-fent. GEORfi Friedkich (1775-1853). A Gernran Orientalist and classi- cal philologist, born at Munich and educated at Grittingen. From 1797 to 1S21 he was sucees- sivcly pro-rector and con-rector of the gymnasium at Frankfort, whence he was called to become director of the lyceum at Hanover, which posi- tion he held until 1840. when he retired from ac- tive life. As a scholar Grotefend was broad, but was prevented by this very quality from becoming a strictly methodical investigator. His first work was Anfanfjsyriindc der deutschen Poesic (1815), which was followed by a revision of Wenck's Lateiidsche Grammatik (2 vols.. 1823- 241. His contributions to the Old Italic dialects are of considerable importance. They comprise: