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* GRONINGEN. 299 GBOS. the United NctheiUiiuls. In 1072 the town with- stood the attack of the Bishop of Miinstcr. GRONLUND, gr6n'h.mJ, Lawrence (1847- 99). An American Soi-ialist, horn in Denmark. He received the degree of Master of Arts in the L'nivcr.sKy of Copenhagen in 1805, and two years afterwards came to the United States. He w-as converted to socialism bj' Pascal's I'eiisces, and gave up the practice of law to write and lecture on socialism. His princijial works are: Tlic Cinn- ing Revolution (18S0) ; the Vooiicmlivc Common- wcallh (1SS4) : Ca Ira, or Dunlon in ilw French litn-olulion (1888); Our Destiny (1890); In- .sufjieieucij of Ueurij George's Theory (1887) i and The cw Eeonoiin'i (1898"). He published (.'<( Ira to prove that Danton had been misjudged. He considered the United States more advanced, and therefore better fitted for a socialistic regime, than any other country; that the only obstacle is the negro problem, but that social equality between the black and white races can and will be established. A vast national organization, composed of energetic young men from every locality, could bring about a peaceful revolution in a few years. He thought that the reforms proposed by Henry George were not comprehen- sive, and that the eoiiperative association of Jean Godin was inadequate because it paid too little attention to the social life of the people. He wrote Our Destiny to pi'ove that, instead of being necessarily associated with atheism, socialism won hi reveal to all the immortality of the soul. GRONO'VITJS. The Latinized name of two distinguislied Dutch classical scholars of the seventeenth eentiuy. (1) Joil.NN FRTEDRicn Groxov (1011-71). bom at Hamburg. Septem- ber 8, 1011. Ho became professor of liistory first at Deventer (10 42), and then professor of Greek at Leyden (1058), and acquired an inter- national reputation for profound learning. He was a prolific writer, publishing critical editions of Plantus. Terence. Cicero. Sallnst, Livy, Seneca, Statins, Tacitus. Pliny, and Aulus Gellius; and edited the works of his friend Hugo Grotius (q.v.). All his work was in Latin, as his Dc lure. Belli ct Pads Libri Trcs (Amsterdam, 1042). He died at Leyden. December 28. 1071. (2) JACOBr.s Groxov (104.5-1710). son of the pre- ceding, born at Deventer. became a scholar of great renown. He traveled in England, France, and Italy, meeting the greatest classical scholars of those countries. At the invitation of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, he accepted the chair of law in the University of Pisa, but returned to Ijcyden in 1070 to fill the chair of Greek liter atnre and history in that university. He brought out many editions of his father's texts, and in addition published annotated editions of Herod- otus. Cchrtis Tabula. Polybius. Cicero, Tacitus, Gellius, llinutius Felix, and Ammianns Mareel- linus. But his greatest work was the Thesaurus Antiqnitafum Orcrcarum, in thirteen folio vol- umes, published at Leyden. 1098-1702. He en- gaged in many learned controversies with other scholars, in which his irascible temperament led him to personal abuse and scurrility. Notable were his sarcastic letters to Fabretti (q.v.), I}esi>onsio ad Corillationes Raphacli Fabretti (T^yden. 108.5). and to Voss (q.v.). Epistula fJe Arnutiolis Isaei Vosii (Leyden, 1087). Gro- rjoviis died at Leyden. October 21. 1710. GROOT, grot, HuiG de. See Grotius. Vol. IX.— 20. GROOTE, gro'tc, GROOT, GROETE, Geb- lIAlii), calleil Gekarkl .s .MA(i.l s, '(ierard the Great' (1340-84). The founder of the Brothers of the Common Life. He was born at Devi'uter, Holland, and educated at Paris, where he gained nuich learning. He became a teacher there and in various other places. He was not in holy orders, but held a number of benefices, living luxuriously until converted by a friiMid in i;!74. He then gave up his benefices, and, refusing any higher position than deacon, became a traveling and highly successful preaclier (1379). He op- posed the scholastics, advocated the reading of the Scriptures, and translated the Psalms into the common language. He gathered a <'ompany for the transerit)ing of books of the Bil)le. and enforced ujjon them the practice of eoinnninity of goods. From this association arose the Broth- ers of the Common Tjife (q.v.). The order grew rapidly, and in spite of the opposition of the monastic orders, it was sanctioned by the Po])e in 1418. Groote's own bishop was at first favor- able to him, but the opposition of the clergy and of the civil authorities led to his being silenced in 1383. He died of the plague at De- venter, August 20, 1384. His life was originally written by Thomas .a Kempis. who belonged to the Brothers of the Common Life. He left numerous writings. For his life, consult Bonet- Jlaury (Paris, 1878). GROS, gro, ANTOI^'E Jean, Baron (1771-1835). A French historical painter. He was born in Paris, Jlarch 10, 1771. He shared with Ingres the reputation of being the greatest of David's pupils. Trained in correct drawing by his father, a miniature painter, at the age of fourteen he came under the instruction of David. In 1793 he visited Italy, where he was associated through Josephine with Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him Inspector of Beviews. thus giving him the opportunity to acquire knowledge for the battle scenes he later executed, and apjiointed him one of the commissioners to select the works of art which Napoleon took from Italy. In 1790 Gros painted '"Bonaparte at the Bridge of .Creole." His "Plague at Jaffa," exhibited in 1S05 and pur- chased by the Government, made him famous. Gros was always disposed to struggle against the romantic tendency which is more or less observable in his art. and endeavored to main- tain the principles of the Classic School as prac- ticed by David. In 1810 he was made member of the Institute and professor in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and in 1828 officer of the Legion of Honor. For his painting in the cupola of the Pantheon, which represents the four chief dynasties of France ofTering their deeds as homage to Sainte Genevi&ve. he received in 1824 the title of Baron. ^Gros essayed in the last years of his life to return to the purely classic in his works "Hercules and Diomedes" and "Acis and Galatea :" but the result com- pared so unfavorably with the examples of the IJomantie School, then in the ascendency, that the adverse criticism they evoked affected his mind, and be committed suicide in the Seine on June 27. 1835. Gros's art represents the transition from the cla.ssic art of David to that of the Romantic School. He was the first to abandon classic sub- jects in favor of historical. To the drawing and composition of David's school he added excellence of color, depth of feeling, and vigor of action.