Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/336

* GBOLIER CLUB. 298 GRONINGEN. the flub, who have also been largely instiu- uiental in its suoeess, were William L. Aiuhews, A. V. Drake, Albert Gallui), Robert lioe, Jr., Brayton ives, iSaiiuiel W. ilarvin, E. S. Mead, and Arthur B. Turnure. A club-liuuse is main- tained in New York, and contains an exr<'llent hiblioyraphieal library, a lecture and reading room, and many valuable pictures and prints. By exhibitions, lectures and ti>e issue of specially pre|vared books, perfection in the art of book- making is encouraged. The club has issued over a score of publications since its formation, includ- ing the edition of the I'hilohihlion of Richard du Bury, and C'atalvgucs of Early and Orujinal Edi- tions from Lcmgland to ^yither; Bookbinding as a Fine Art, by Robert Hoe; Modern Book Bind- ing, by William Jlatthews ; and Historic Print- ing Types, by T. L. De Viune. An original, other- wise unpublished work is Washington Irving, by George William Curtis. . GROLIER DE SERVIERES, gro'lyft' de sfu''yar'. Jean, Viscount d'Aguisy (1479-1565). A French bibliophile, born in Lyons in 1479. He was the royal French representative in Italy for some time, mostly at Rome and Milan, where he euUivated his taste as a book-lover. He was made treasurer of Francis I. in 1537, and was a noted collector of books, valuable or curious for subject, material, workmanship, or binding. He was a master of the art of elegant bookbinding, and his volumes are highly prized by bibliophiles. They were usually in brown leather and in Re- naissance patterns, with stripes and plant ara- besques. His library, which numbered finally about .3000 volumes, was kept in his family until toward the last of the eighteenth century, when it was sold and scattered. At present only some 400 vidmnes are said to be known, the largest inmber being in the possession of the National Library in Paris. He died in Paris in 1565. Consult: Le Roux de Lincy. I'cctirrrlics snr Jean ilrolirr (Paris, 1866) ; arid Cleinent de Ris, Les amateurs d'autrefois (ib., 1876). GROLMAM", grol'man, Karl Wiliielm Oeokg VON (1777-1843). A German soldier, born in Berlin. He entered the army at the age of fourteen. After serving on the IMilitary Com- mission of 1807 which was appointed to reor- ganize the Prussian Army, he left the Prussian service, which he did not reenter until 1813. He fought in the subsequent campaigns against Na- poleon, and at the battle of Waterloo was quartermaster-general on the staff of Bliicher. He did much to promote the extension of Ger- man influence in the Province of Posen. His works include: Gesriiirlitc des Frldzngs ron ISl'i (1842). and Gesrliichte des Fcldzngs ron 1S15 in den NiederJanden rmd Franlcreich (1837). GROMMET (OF. gromet, grommct, gourmet, apprentice, diminutive of gromme. gourme, from Icel. grom, Eng. groom, man). A grommet is formed from a single strand of rope, which is laid up again to form a circle of three-stranded rope. See Knotting and Spmcing. GROMTWELL (earlier grommct, grummel, from OF. gremil. Fr. grcmil, grummel), IJiho- spermum. A genus of plants of the natural order Boraginacea>. Its members have a funnel- shaped corolla, which conceals the shorter sta- mens, and achcnia of stonv hardness. Extraor- dinary virtues were formerly ascribed to them. which, however, were wholly imaginary, particu- larly to the connnon gromwell {Lilliosjjcrnium of- licinatc), which was used to cure stone in the bladder. The connnon gromwell is a native of dry, gravelly places in Europe, Asia, and Xorth America. It has an erect, nuicb-branclicd stem, broadly lanceolate leaves, and small llowers. There are aliout forty species of Lithospermum, which occur throughout the temperate zones of the world. In the United States there are eight or ten species. Some have perennial roots that yield a red dye similar to alkanet. GRONGAR (gron'ger) HILL. A descriptive poem by John Dyer ( 1727 ) . - earlier version appeared in a volume of iniscellaneous poems published in the preceding year. The title was suggested by the name of a hill in South Wales, a region through which the autlior had shortly before wandered as an itinerant artist. GRONINGEN, gro'nin-gcn. The northeastern province of llollaml. Ijounded on tlic north by the North Sea, on the east by German}' and the Dol- lart, on the south by Drenthe, and on the west by Friesland. Area, 904 .square miles. Population, in 1900, 299,033. There is considerable shipping and industrial activity, but it is chiefly an agri- cultural province. The northern and northeast- ern districts produce wheat and oil seeds; the southern ten lands yield peat ; ])otatoes, rye, and buckwheat are cultivateil. and cattle are raised. The province was the ancient Cruoninga. Capi- tal, Groningen. GRONINGEN. The most important towni in the north of the Netherlands, and caiiital of the province of the same name, situated at the confluence of the Hunse and the Aa, and at the converging of a number of railway lines and canals, 22 miles west of the Dollart Inlet (Map : Netherlands, El). It is a well-built town, crossed by numerous canals and surrounded with promenades and walks laid out on the site of the old fortifications. The market-place (Groote Markt) is one of the largest in Holland. The most prominent liuildings are the Gothic Church of Saint IMarfin, surmounted with a tower 343 feet high: flie town hall, built in 1810. and con- taining a collection of coins; the Government buildings, the theatre, and the prison. The Uni- versity of Groningen, founded in 1614. is com- posed of five faculties, and has an attendance of over 400. Attached to it are a library of over 90.000 volumes, an observatory, a botanical garden, a museum of natural history, a hospital, and a number of laboratories. Among the other educational institutions of the town may be mentioned the g^-mnasium, the academy of archi- tecture and navigation, and the deaf and dumb asylum. The tovn manufactures sugar, textiles, furniture, mirroi-s. gold and silver ware, cigars and tobacco, trimmed lumber, ships, machinery, etc. The harbor is accessible to sea-going vessels, and has consideraljle shipping. The trade of Groningen is chiefly in grain, rape-seed, and ani- mal products. Population, in 1890^ 66,537, in- cluding about 7000 Roman Catholics and 3000 Jews. Groningen was granted by the Emperor Henry III. in 1040. when it was 'known as Villa Cru- oninga. to the Bishop of L'trecht. It was fortified in tile thirteenth century, and joined the Han- seatic League as early as 1282. In 1594 the city was taken bv :Maurice of Nassau, and annexed to