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* GBIMM. 286 GRIMM. studied at Leipzig, llis first production was a tra<'fdy, which was ridiculed at once by th« aud'ieiice and by the critics. Disappointed, he went to Paris as a tutor, and reniained there as a reader to the Crown Prince of Saxe-Gotha. In 1749 common musical tastes won him the triend- ship of J. J. Rousseau, and by him he was intro- duced to the Encvclop;edist Circle. Soon after- wards he became secretary to Count Fnesen, nephew of Marshal Saxe, and so found an entry into the brilliant social circles of Pans, where his intelligence, wit, tact, and good manners soon made him a general favorite. He became wholly French in spirit, and was naturalized. His lit- erary reputation was won by a pamphlet, he vetit propluie de Boehmischbroda { 1753), on the merits of Italian and French opera, a society question of the hour, but his fame dates from the Co,Tespondance UtUraire, ],hilosopluque et cri- timie begun in 1753, and carried on with various assistants and substitutes until 1759. in the name of bl)e Pvavnal, who had originated the idea, and then in Grimm's own till 1790. In 1754 Rous- seau introduced Grimm to Madame d Epmay She soon came to jfrefer him to the older and intractable lover who left in his Confesswyis a false account of the matter that injured Grimin s reputation for several years. He served as sec- retary of the Marshal d'Estrfes during the est- phalian campaign 0756-57), and was after- wards Minister ot Saxe-Gotha at the French Court In 1773 he visited Saint Petersburg on a diplomatic mission. The Revolution drove him from France, first to Gotha, then to Saint Peters- bur", where he resided trom 1702 to 179.3 and enio'ved the favor of Catharine II., and whence he was sent as Russian Minister to Hamburg, his last public office. Grimm's Corres.pondaiice was not published till 1812. It was sent to sev- eral sovereigns and to some minor German courts, and made accessible to them, through a sort of secret ofTicial organ, the ideas of the French philosophic movement, shrewdly seasoned to the liking of princes, who were induced to see in the new -pliilosophv' a means of consolid.ating their power. Thus Grimm was able to contribute very essentiallv to the spread of the Eneyclop^iedic movement, and to prepare the way for introduc- ing the emancipatory ideas of the French Revolu- tio~n And besides this, the Correspondancc is a lit^Tary review and chronicle— a record of an im- portant literar-,- period of almost unique value. His collaborators, especially Diderot and :Iadame d'Epinay, carried on the work in his own deli- cate, subtle, impartial, and profoundly skeptical spirit The Correspondancc was first publislied in seventeen octavo volumes (1812-14). better edited by Taschereau (15 vols.. 1829-31. with a supiilement of Correspondancc incdite). Grinim s Mcmoires on his relations with the Empress Catharine have been published by the Russian Historical Soeietv. For a critical literary appre- ciation, consult: Sainte-Beuvc, Efndes sur Gnmm (Paris 1854) ; id., Cnuscricp: du Liindi. vol. vii. (ib., Y857-fi2) : and Scherer, Mclchior Crinint .(ib.',' 1S87). GRIMM. Heema>>n (1828-1901). A German author a son of Wilhelm Karl Grimm. He was laorn at Cnssel. and was educated in Berlin and Bonn. In 1872 he was appointed to the chair of art history at Berlin University, and subsequently published" his lectures as a biography of Goethe (5th ed 1894). His other works include: De- metrius, a drama (1854); yovellen (2d ed. 1802); Essays (3d ed. 1SS4); Eunfzehti Essays, mile Folyc (4th ed. 1890) ; Uniihcniindliclie Mdchtc, a novel (2d ed. 1870) ; and the excellent biography entitled Leben Michelangelos (7th ed. 1894). GRIMM, Jakob Ludwig K.rl (1785-1863). An emiiu'iu German philologist and antiquary, born January 4, 17S5. at Hanau, in Hesse-Cassid. He was educated in philology and law at Mar- burg, and afterwards visited Paris, where he pur- sued a variety of studies, and cultivated his taste for mediaeval" literature. On his return to Ger- many he was employed in the office of the Min- ister of War at Cassel. and became successively librarian lo the King of Westphalia and auditor to his Council of State. In 1814 he was secretary to the Ambassador of the Elector of Hesse at Paris and attended in a similar capacity the Congress .if Vienna. While in Paris he claimed, liy oVder of the Pnissian Government, the restora- tion of valuable manuscri])ts which had been re- moved to Paris bv the armies of Napoleon I. In 1829 he, jointly with his brother Wilhelm, re- ceived the appointment of professor of German literature and librarian of the University of Gr,ttin<'eii. The brothers were among the seven nrofes£)rs who protested in 1837 against the abo- lition of the Constitution by the King of Hanover, for which act they were outlawed and obliged to retire to Cassel. " In 1841 both were invited to Berlin where as members of the Academy they were entitled to give lectures. Jakob was m 1848 elected member of the Frankfort Parlia- ment He was, however, with all his interest m pnlitic.ll affairs, averse to party strife, and his life was devoted to philological and antiquarian stud- ies His Cierman Grammar, in four volumes, the first volume of which was published in 1819, and the last in 1837 (4th ed. 1870- 98) is one of the greatest philological works of the age, and may be said to have laid the foundation of the historical investigation of hm- fma^e His Deutsche Rechtsaltcrtitmcr (1828) tnd'Deufsche Mytholouic |1835) are exh.austive works upon the society of the JNIiddle Ages in Central Europe, and the religious traditions and superstitions from the earliest times His Ge- sclnchte dcr dcntschen ^prache (1848, 4th ed. 1880) and Vcber den Vrsprung der Spraclte (1851) are also %vorks of great importance. In companv with his brother Wilhelm he published numerous works of a more popular character, the best known of which is Kinder-vnd Hansmurchen. The (greatest joint undertaking of the two brotlv ers (now carried on by other scholars) is the Devtsclies Wiirfcrhuch. be.sun in 1852. Jakob Grimm died September 20. 1863. GRIMM, LtiDWiG Emil (1790-1863). A Ger- man painter and engraver, brother of the preced- ing born at Hanau, He studied under Karl Hess at^Munich. In 1813 he fought in the War of Liberation, and then returned to IVIunich to re- new his studies. In 1832 he was made professor at the Academy of Cassel. He painted portraits and some religious pictures, notably a ^Tadonna and Saints" 0818) ; but his most «rt>'^t«-, "''^'■1^ was as an engraver. A portrait of Melanchthon, after Cranach, and some small genre studies from his own designs, are remarkable for purity of line. He published collections of his engra^^ngs in 1823, 1840, and 1854.