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* GRIEPENKERL. 280 GRIESBACH. burg. He studied under Kahl in Vienna, and alter the success of his picture "Oidipus Led by Antigone," assisted Eahl in the decoration of the Vienna Opera House and other works he had de- signed. When Eahl died, Griepenkerl and Bitter- lich completed some of his undertakings. Then Griepenkerl alone did the decorative paintings in various palaces, and in the new Houses of Parlia- ment, all in Vienna, and designed the frescoes in the Academy of Science in Athens. Most of these paintings treated mythological scenes, where his rich fancy and fine coloring had much scope. He also painted a number of portraits. In 1S74 he was made professor at the Vienna Academy. GRIEPENKERL, Wolfgang Robebt (1810- 08). A German dramatic author and writer on ajsthetics, born at Hofwyl, Switzerland. He was appointed professor of German literature at the Cadet School in Brunswick. During the last twenty years of his life he devot»d himself entire- ly to" literary work and public readings of his plays, which" include the tragedies, Maj-imilian Robespierre (2d ed. 1851); Die Girondisten (1852); Aitf Sankt Helena (1862). All these well-known AAorks are distinguished by a mastery of technique and a great power of conception and of diction. GRIER, gi-er, William Nicholson (1812-85). An American soldier, born in Pennsylvania. He graduated at the United States Military Acad- emy in 1835, seiTcd in many Indian campaigns on "the Western border, took an active part in the Mexican War, and in 1848 was brevetted major- general for gallantry at the battle of Santa Cruz de Kosales. After additional military ser- vice on the frontier, he came east at the out- break of the Civil War, and served until the end, and was made lieutenant-colonel of the First Cavalry early in 1862. He took part in the Peninsular campaign was wounded at the battle of Williamsburg, acted as chief recruiting officer in Ohio, Iowa, and Pennsylvania, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general of the United States Army. The next year he was promoted to be colonel of the Third Cavalry, and he retired in 1870. GRIERSON, grer'son, Bexja^iin Hexry ( 1826 — ). An American cavalry officer, born in Pitts- burg. Pa. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed a major in the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, and rose to the rank of colonel before April 17, 1863, when Grant sent him on a raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge. In sixteen days lie led his forces 600 miles; tore up railroads and telegi-aph lines, completely cutting ofT Vicks- burg's communications with the East, destroyed great quantities of arms and supplies, and then brought his men into Baton Rouge so exhausted that many of them fell asleep in their saddles. For his services on this occasion he was brevetted brigadier-general on March 2, 1867. and on the same date was brevetted major-general for his services during another raid in 1864. He was commissioned major-general of volunteers on February 10. 1865, and the next year was ap- pointed colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry, and assigned to duty in the Southwest. He was retired in 1800 with the rank of briga- dier-general in the Regular Army. GRIERSON, Geobge Abraham (1851 — ). An Irish Orientalist, born at Glenageary. County Dublin. He was educated at Shrewsbury and Trinity College, Dublin, and received the de- gree of Ph.D. honoris causa, from the University of Halle in 1894. In 1873 he entered the Indian Civil Service. Dr. Grierson's many publications contribute largely to the knowledge of the ver- nacular languages of India. Among these the most important of his works are: Introduction to the Maithili Lajiguagc of North Bihar (1882); lieven OraniuKirs of the Dialects and Suh-Dialccts of the Bihari Language (1883-88) ; "The Modern Vernacular Literature of Hindustan," in Journal of Asiatic Society, vol. Ivii. ( 1889) ; and his most important work, the great Linguistic Surrey of India (1898). GRIERSON, Sir Robert (c.1655-1733). Laird of Lag and persecutor of the Covenanters. Lag was a strong supporter of the Government, and so loyally did he assist Claverhouse in repressing Conventicles that he Mas made justice of the military court at Kirkcudbright in 1681. He en- forced the Test Act with thumbscrews and other torture, and in the persecution which followed the act. punished with death refusal to take the oath of abjuration. He was accused of diabolic delight in the torture of his victims. Up to the middle of the nineteenth century his name was presei-ved in rude country drama, in which his part was that of a bloody monster. On the ac- cession of .James II., Grierson was made a baro- net and received an annual pension of £200, honors which came close on his condemnation of the •Miigtown martyrs.' After the fall of James he was twice seized as a suspect, but was released on bail. For refusing the oath of al- legiance (1693), he was frequently arrested, and so often fined that he was nearly ruined. He took no active part in 'the '15,' although his son William was captured at Preston. He was th« original of Sir Robert Redgauntlet in Scott's Bcdgauntlet. Consult Fergusson, Laird of Lag (Edinburgh, 1885). GRIES, gres, Johanx Diederich (1775-1842). A German poet and translator. He was born at Hamburg, and Avas educated for the legal pro- fession at Jena, but subsequently devoted him- self to literary work, and became known for his excellent translations of Italian and Spanish authors. His best translations are of the G'eru- salemnie liherata of Tasso, Das hefreite Jerusalem (14th ed. 1880): of the Orlando furiosb of Ariosto. /)f r rasende Roland (4th ed. 1851) ; and the dramatic works of Calderon (3d ed. 1865). GRIESBACH, gres'baG, .Johann Jakob (1745-1812). A noted Xew Testament .scholar. He was born at Butzbach in Hesse. He received his early training in the schools of Frankfort- on-the-Main, where his father was for some time a prominent preacher. In his eighteenth year he began his university course, studying "at Tubingen. Halle, and Leipzig. At Halle he was greatly influenced by Semler. After an ex- tended visit to seats of learning in Holland, England, and France, he became a docent in the- ology at Halle in 1771. In 1773 he was made professor. Two years later he was called to Jena, where he remained until his death in 1812. While a university student. Griesbach be- came interested in the study of the text of the Xew Testament, and to the task of collecting ma- terial for and elucidating the principles of the textual criticism of the New Testament he de- voted his life. His labors mark an epoch in the