Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/299

* GKEGORY. 263 GREGORY. GREGORY. (1) The servant of Capulet, ia Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. (2) The fagot- inakiiig ([uaek iu Fieldinji's fareo The Muck Doctor: reproduced from Muli&re's Sganarelle in Le medeciii mdJijre lui. GREGORY V. (1739-1821). A Greek Patri- arch of Constantinople. He was born at Dimit- zana in Arcadia, and was baptized Oeorgios An- gclopulos. Educated at Mount Athos, he was an 'anchorite for many years: became Bishop of Smyrna (17S4) and Patriarch of Constantinople (170.3). At this time, during the difficulties be- tween France and Turkey over Egypt, he was ac- cused by the Turkisli populace of treason and ban- ished to Athos. His studies there made him a great educational power, wlien lie was recalled to Constantinople in 1800, and contributed to his reinstatement as Patriarch in 1819 after a second lianishment of eleven years. On the outbreak of the Greek Revolution, Gregory anathematized the rebels; but lie was accused of giving them secret assistance, and on Easter Day, 1821. he was hanged by the Janizaries in his patriarchal robes at the main entrance of his own church, together with three i)ishops and eight novices. His body, which was mutilated and thrown into the sea, was rescued and buried in the cathedral at Athens. Gregory wrote a translation in modem Greek of the Epistles of Paul, with a commentary. GREGORY, Ordek of S.^int. A Papal order founded in 18.31 by Gregory XVI.. and reorgan- ized in 1834. It was originally bestowed as a re- ward for services in defense of the Roman Church, but is now given for any distinguished achievement. GREGORY, CASPAR RexI; (1846—). An American bildical .scholar, born in Philadelphia, Pa. After graduating at the University of Pennsylvania in ISlU. and at Princeton Theolog- ical Seminary in 1870. he studied at Leipzig, where lie received the degree of Ph.D. in 1876. He rendered an important service to philology and biblical criticism in furthering the work left uncompleted by Konstantin Ti.schendorf (q.v. ) and in discovering ne«- manuscripts. He is one of the few Americans who have held academic positions in German imiversities — that of profes- sor of New Testament exegesis in the theological faculty at Leipzig. He was connected editorially with the f<!i>itrmntic Thcologi/ of Dr. Charles Hodge (1870-73). and with Schiirer and Har- nack's Theolopische Litteratiirzeitiinrj (1876-84). Under the title l^aiiif John tJie Author of the Fourth Gospel (Edinburgh, 187.5), he translated Luthardt's Der Johauiieisrhe Urspriinij des vier- ten Ernnuelitiins, and he also published a transla- tion of the same author's Das Johanneisehe Evan- fieliiim as Coniinentnri/ on ftaint John's Gospel (1876-78). His original writings include pam- phlets on Tischendorf (1S75) : Les cahiers des manuscrils rirecs (1S8.5) : and the Prolefiomena to Tischendorfs Editio Oetijva Crifica Major of the New Testament, the three parts of which ap- peared in 1SS4, 1890. and 1893. GREGORY, D.NiEi, Seelt (1832—). An American Presbyterian clergyman, horn in Car- mel. X. Y. He was educated at Princeton College and the Princeton Theological Seminary; was tutor in rhetoric at Princeton from 1858 to 1860. and held several Presbyterian pastorates up to 1871. when he was appointed professor of meta- physics and logic at Wooster tfniversitv, and four years later was transferred to the chair of English literature. From 1878 to 1886 he was president of Lake Forest University. He received the degree of LL.D. from Wooster Uni- versity in 1895. He was managing editor of the titandard Dictionary, and in 1895 became editor of the Homiletic Ilcrietc. His publications in- clude: Christian Ethics (1875) ; Why Four Gos- pels f (1S76) ; The Tests of I'hilosophic .Systems (1886); with S. B. Halliday, The Church in America and Its Baptisms of Fire (1896) ; and Ihe Crime of Christendom (1900). GREGORY, D.vii) (1661-1708). A Scottish astronomer. He was liorn in Aljerdeen, and was educated at Jlarischal College and at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. Shortly before graduating at the latter institution in 1683, he had been appointed professor of mathematics there, hold- ing this position for eight years, during which time he added extensively to the methods of quadratures discovered by his brother James Gregory (q.v.), besides actively advocating the philosophy of Xewton. From 1691 until liis death lie was Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford; was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1692, and in 1705 was made honorary fellow of the Edinburgh Royal College of Physi- cians. His most important writings, besides nu- merous papers in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, are: Exercitatio Geometrica de Dimev- sione Figurarum (1684) ; Catoptricw et Dioptri- cce Elementa (1695); Astronomiw Physicw et GeometriccB Elementa (1702): and Euclidis Opera Omnia (1703). Several manuscript trea- tises and notes on Xewton's pliilosophy were found after his death: and in 1745 his lectures on mathematics were published as A Treatise of Practical Geometry. GREGORY, Edward John (1850—). An English genre painter, bom at Southampton. He was a pupil at the Art School in his native tow'n, and then studied at South Kensington. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1875, and was made Royal Academician in 1898. His works include; "Saint C4eorge" (1876); "The Signal;" "A Rehearsal" ( 1882") ; "Drawing-Room Day;" "The Swans of the' Thames;" "Sir (jaUi- had;" and "Is It a Mouse?" He became known as a particularly dexterous painter of domestic genre subjects. GREGORY, Eliot (1854—). An American artist and essayist, born in New York City. He .studied both in Rome and Paris, and won the distinction of exhibiting both painting and sculp- ture in the Paris Salon, where his painting en- titled "Children" received honorable mention. Besides portraits, his best-known pictures are "Soubrette" (1883), ani "Coquetterie" (1884). Under the pen-name of "An Idler," he published two volumes of essavs, Worhlh/ Ways and Pi/- Ways (1898), and The Ways of J/e/r "( 1 900 ), for the most part made up of clever though super- ficial redections upon current American society. GREGORY, Fraxcls Hoyt (1789-1866). An American naval officer, born in Norwalk, Conn. He entered the merchant service :n 1807. was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy in 1809, served on several vessels, engaged in the suppression of the slave trade, and on the outbreak of the War of 1812 was attached to the command of Commodore Chauncey on Lake On- tario. In 1814 he was captured by the Britisli,