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* GREGORY. 262 GREGORY. de I'dglise au Xlime sU-cle (Paris, 1889-90) ; Vincent, The Age of Hiklebraiid (New York, 189G). For the numerous special discussions, and in general, consult: Cerroli, Bibliografia de limna medicEvale e modenio, vol. i. (Rome, 1893) ; Chevalier, Repertoire des sources historiques du moyenage (Paris, 1887; supplement, 1888). Gregoky VIII. (PopeUST). He succeeded Ur- ban III., October 21, 1187, and died eight weeks later. His Epislola et Privilegia are in Migne, Patrol. Lot., ccii. Consult the dissertation of Nadig, Grcgors ^IJ1. o7 tiigiger Pontifilcat (Basel, 1890 ). — Gregory VIII. was also the title taken by Mauritius Burdinus. Archbishop of Braga, set up as antipope to Gelasius II. by the Emperor Henry V. in 1118. He was taken prisoner by the successor of Gelasius, Calixtus II., in 1121, and died in captivity, 1125. — Gregory IX. (Ugolino, Count of Segiii)" (Pope 1227-41 ) . He followed the policy of Gregory VII., and had a long dispute with the Emperor Frederick II. (q.v.), whom he twice excommunicated. The Emperor marched upon the Papal territories, took Ravenna, and in- ■ tercept^d a fleet from Genoa which was conveying a hundred Cliurch dignitaries to Rome. Gregory died before the trouble was settled. He instituted the Inquisition and gave it in charge to the Do- minicans. For his life, consult: Balan (Mo- dena, 1872-73) ; J. Mar.x, Die Vita Gregorii IX. quellcnkritisch vtitersiicht (Berlin, 1890) ; Au- vray (editor) . Les registrcs de Gregoire IX., 1227- 35 (Paris, 1890-96). His Ep'istolw are in D'Acherv. ffpicileaiiim, vol. iii. (Paris, 1723). — Gregory X. (Teobaldo de' Visconti) (1210-76) (Pope 1271-76). He was born at Piacenza, Italy, 1210; at the time of his election (1270) he was in the Holy I.and as a crusader. He arrived at Rome, JIarch 13, 1271, and was consecrated Pope JIarch 27th. He held at Lyons the fourteenth gen- ei'al sTiod for action upon (1) the Greek schism, (2) the Saracen oppression of the Holy Land, and (3) the moral degeneracy of the times. The synod was opened by the Pope in person. !XIay 7, 1274. He exerted himself to attain the ends sought, and succeeded as far as the council was concerned. But the plans for a crusade came to nothing; the union with the Greeks was short- lived, and the times did not noticeably improve. He died in Rome, January 10. 1276. Consult J. Guiraud (editor), Les registres de Gregoire X. (Paris, 1892-98). — Gregory XI. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort) (1331-78) (Pope 1370-78). He was bom in 1331, chosen Pope at Avignon, Provence, 1370, and was the last of the French popes. At the request of the Romans, and influenced by the pleadings of Saint Catharine of Siena, he re- turned to Rome in 1377. and there he died, March 27, 1378. Tlie works of Wiclif came under his censure. — GregoryXII. (. gelo Corrario) (1327- 1417) (Pope 1406-15). He was a Venetian, and was chosen Pope in 1406. He was deposed bv the Coimcil of Pisa (1409), but held on till at the Council of Constance (1415) he voluntarily ab- dicated. (See Constance, Council of.) He died as Cardinal Bishop of Porto, October 18, 1417. Gregory XIII. (Ugo Buoncompagno) (Pope 1572-85). He was born in Bologna, February 7, 1502. He was educated in his native city, where he held the professorship of law for several years. He settled in Rome in 1539. and was one of the theologians of the Council of Trent (q.v.). On his return to Rome he was created cardinal in 1564, and sent as legate to Spain. On the death of Pius v., Gregory was elected Pope in 1572. He showed great zeal for the promotion and improve- ment of education: a large proportion of the col- leges in Rome were wholly or in part endowed by him, and his expenditure for educational purposes is said to have exceeded 2,000.000 Roman crowns. The most interesting event of his pontificate is the correction of the calendar (see Calendar), which was the result of long consideration, and was finally proclaimed in loS2. When the news of the massacre of Saint Bartholomew reached Rome, Gregoiy and his cardinals solemnly cele- brated the event at the Church of San Marco, on September 6, 1572, as the suppression of a con- spiracy not alone against Charles IX., King of France, but also against the Church, as Cardinal Hergenrvither states. In the same year he had a medal struck, with his portrait on the obverse, and on the reverse an angel bearing a cross and sword, while the inscription reads, Hugonotoruin St rages ( "Overthrow of the Huguenots' ) . Gregory did much to help the Jesuits. He died in Rome, April 10, 1585, in the eighty-third year of his age. He published in 1582 a valuable edition of the Dccretiini Gratiani. — Gregory XIV. ( Xiccold Sfon- drato) ( ?-c.l591 ) (Pope 1590-91 ) . He was a native of Cremona. He put Henry IV. of France mider the ban ( 1591 ) . — Gregory XV. ( Alessandro Ludo- visio) (1554-1(>23) ( Pope 1621-23) . He was born in Bologna. 1554. Although an old and infirm man when chosen Pope, his pontificate, thanks to his nephew, Ludovico Ludovisio. whom immediately after his elevation he made cardinal at the early age of twenty-five, was a very success- ful one. The Counter-Reformation (q.v.) ac- complished much in Bohemia. Austria and Hun- gary; the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith was established, and the Papal Con- clave as at present carried on : and to him is due the secret balloting in the Papal election. Gregory' XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappel- lari) (1765-1846) (Pope 18ai-46). He was a ^'enetian, who became a Camaldolese monk, ulti- mately rose to the head of the Order, was learned in Eastei-n languages, and a teacher of tlieology. When Napoleon carried Pius VII. away as a pris- oner in 1809, Cappellari left Rome for his native place, and remained in quiet for three years. On the return of the Pope (1814) he was promoted to various important positions, and in 1826 was made a cardinal and the prefect of the Propa- ganda (q.v.). In this capacity he was practically Minister of Foreign Affairs. He made an agree- ment with the Xetherlands regarding Roman Catholic citizens, regulated Church matters in the United States, and secured emancipation for the Catholics in Armenia from the Sultan. He was elected to the Papacy February 2. 1831. and for 15 years was zealous and energetic in pro- moting the interests and expanding the power and influence of the Church. He was a munifi- cent patron of architecture, engineering, and lit- erature. His famous work. The Triumphs nf the Papacy (Rome, 1799). has been translated into German and French, and incorporated in Migne's Demonstration crangelique (vol. xvi.). He was a bad financier and left the Papal treasury in difficulties. For his life, consult : Sylvain (Paris. 1SS9) : Cardinal Wiseman. Recollections of the Last Four Popes, and of Rome in Their Times (London, 1858) : Gavazzi, My Recollections of the Four Last Popes (London, 1857).