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* GREGORY. 261 GREGORY. the iiulopcndcnce of the West. Gregory bestowed the [>aUiuin on Boniface, the Apostle of Germany (7321. He died in Rome, Xovember 28, 741. His e.xtant writinj.'s are in iligne, I'alrol. Ltil., Ix.vxi.x. and xoviii. — Gkegoey IV. [Vope 827-44). lie was a native of Rome. He tried unsuecessfnlly to ar- ranj;e the qnarrel between Louis the Pious (q.v.) and his sons, and rebuilt Ostia as a defense for the nioutli of the Tiber. His Epistolrr are in Jligne, Fat ml. Lilt., cvi. — Gregory V. (Bruno of Carin- thia) (Pope 090-00). He was the first German Pope, a relative of the Emperor Otho III. His authoritv was disjiuted bv an antipojie. John XVI. (997-98). His Eiiixt'ohr are in Migne, Pa- trol. Lat.. cxxxvii. — Gregory VI. (John Grati- anus) (Pope 1045-40). He had been a priest in Rome. and ijoughl the Pajiacy from Pope Benedict IX. The faels leaked out and the Emperor took him prisoner, after liaving compelled his resigna- tion (1040). and brought him to Germany. He died in 1048 at Cologne. His Epislola' are in 'Mxgne.PatroJ. /.«/.. exlii. — Gregory' VI. was also the title of an antipope to Benedict VIII. in 1012. Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) (Pope 1073-85). Preeminently the representative of the temporal claims of the media-val Papacy. He was born in Tuscany about 1020. perhaps at Soana. a village of the soutliern border. His family be- longed to the plebeian class. Although nothing of his reuinter ancestry is known, his family name. Hildebrand. would imply a Teutonic de- scent ; but by birth and education at least he was Italian. His youth was jiassed in Rome, in the' ]Monastery of Saint ilary. on the Aventine. of which his uncle was abbot, and he probably took monastic vows. The Emperor Henry III. took him to Gennany. and lie continued his studies in Co- logne. Very likely he also visited Aix-la-Chapelle and Cluny. He attended the council at Worms at which Bishop Bruno of Toul was chosen Pope (Leo IX.), and the latter took him to Rome (1049) and made him a cardinal subdeacon. He had great influence during the pontificate of Leo. On the hitter's death (10.54) the Roman people manifested a desire to have Hildebrand as suc- cessor; but this honor he declined, preferring to gain more experience. Besides important do- mestic employments which were assigned to him, he was sent as legate to the Council of Tours (10.54). in which the cause of Bcrengarius was examined. ( See Berengariu.s of Tour.s. ) He was likewise one of the three legates dispatched to Germany to consult about a successor to Leo IX. Under the four popes who followed Leo — Victor IL. Stephen IX.. Benedict X.. and Alexander II., known in history as the German popes — Hilde- brand continued to be the predominant power, and inspired into their government of the Church the great principles to which his life was de- voted. Three days after the death of Alexander II. lie was unanimously elected at Rome : but he declined to be consecrated until the Emperor's sanction had been gained. The German bishops, who feared the reforms of which his name was a guaranty, endeavored to prevent the Emperor Henry IV. from assenting to the election: but Henry gave his approval, and tlie new Pope was crowned .July 10. 1073. Regarding as the great evil of his time the thoroughly secularized condi- tion of the Church in a great part of Europe, and especially in Gennany and Xorthern Italy. Greg- ory directed against this all his efforts. In his reforming crusade he first attacked the evil of clerical marriage and the probably much less frequent oll'ense of clerical incontinence. These he combated by stirring up the people to refuse the sacraments from any other than a celibate and jjure priest. Simony also was denounced in the most explicit and vigorous terms. But it was against the fundamental abuse of investiture (q.v.) that his main efforts were directed. In 1075 he prohibited this priictice under tlie pain of excommunication both for the investor and the invested, and in the following year he actually issued that sentence against several bishops and councilors of the Empire. The Emperor Henry IV. (q.v.) disregarding these menaces and tak- ing the offending bishops under his protection, Gregory cited him to Rome to answer for his conduct. Henry's sole reply was a haughty de- fiance, and in a Diet at Worms, in 1070, he for- mally declared Gregory deposed from the Pontifi- cate. Gregory was not slow to retaliate by a sentence of e.xcommunication; and in this sen- tence, unless revoked or removed by absolution in twelve months, by the law of the Empire at the time, was involved the forfeiture of all civil rights and deposition from every civil and po- litical office. When, at a Diet held at Tribur (September, 1070), the bishops actually began to discuss the election of a new Emperor, Henry deemed it necessary to appear to yield. Accord- ingly he sought the Pope, who was then at the castle of Matilda. Countess of Tuscany, at Canos- sa ( q.v. ). He arrived there with his wife and son in the dead of a very severe winter. Gregory himself is authority for the statement that the Emperor, "having laid aside all belongings of royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in wool, continued for three days [.January 25-27, 1077] to stand before the gates of the castle," and it was not till the pitiful state of the royal penitent moved all hearts that the Pope admitted him to his presence and absolved him. Henry's submission, however, was but feigned : and on his subsequent triumph over his rival, Rudolf of Swabia, he resumed hostilities with the Pope, and in 1080 again declared him deposed, and caused to be appointed in his place the antipope Guibert, Archbishop of Ravenna (see Gcibert of R.wenna). under the name of Clement III. After a protracted siege of three years Henry, in the year 1084, took possession of Rome. Gregory shut himself up in the Castle of Saint Angelo. •Just, however, as Gregory was on the point of falling into his enemy's hands, Robert Guiscard. the Norman Duke of Apulia, entered the city, set Gregory free, and comjiclled Henry to return to Germany; but the wretched condition to which Rome had been reduced obliged Gregory to with- draw, first to Monte Cassino, and ultimately to Salerno, where he died. May 25. 1085. His dying words were: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore I die in exile." Gregory's writings and literary remains are in Migne, Patrol. Lat., cxviii. His Epistles were sepa- rately edited at Paris (1877) : a selection was translated (London, 1853). The literature upon him is abundant, but that written prior to 1850 is superseded by more critical work. Of chief value and interest may be mentioned: Gfrcirer, Pnpst Grenorins YIJ. mid .s:rin Zdtaltcr (Schaff- hausen. 1850-01; index vol. 1804); Villemain, Life of flrrnorii VIT. (trans. London. 1874); Stephens. Tlihlrlirand and Flis Times (London, 1880) ; Delare, Saint Grcgoire Yll. et la re forme