Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/296

* GKEGOKOVITJS. 260 GREGORY. 1875) ; Urban Vlll. im Widcrspruch zu Spanien und dem Kaiser (1879), and Una pianta di Roma delincata da Leonardo da Besozzo Milanese (1883). Clregorovius also published: Klelne Schriften zur aeschiehte tiiid Kiillur (1887-02) ; Athenais, Geschichte eiiier Jji/zanliiiischen Kai- serin (1882) ; Geschichte der Htadt Athcii im Mit- telaltcr (2d ed. 188!)) : and an edition of the Bricfe Alexanders ron Uiiiiiholdt an scinen Brudcr ^Vilhelnl (1880). Among his posthumous works ore: Gedichte, edited by Sehack. (1892); Itii- ■inischc Taf/ehiieher, edited by Althaus (2d ed. 1803) ; and Brief c ron Ferdinand Grrfforovius an den Htaalssckretiir Hermann von Thile (1894). Consult Miinz, Ferd. Grertorovins und seine Briefe an Griilin LovateUi (Berlin. 1896). GREG'ORY (Lat. Gregorins). The name of sixteen popes and two antipopes. — Gregoby I., the Great (Pope 590-01)4) . He was bom in Rome about 540 of an illustrious family, and was a lawyer by profession. As early as 571 he was made pra?tor of Rome by the Emperor Justin II. By the death of his father he inherited much wealth, which he used for religious purposes. He founded six monasteries in Sicily and one in Rome, with the title of Saint Andrew's, and. resigning his office, withdrew from the world and retired to the latter. Previouslj' he had bestowed en the poor his costly robes, his gold, jewels. and furniture, and, refusing the abbacy of the convent, he began with the lowest monastic duties and devoted himself altogether to God. This was probably about 575. It was while he was still in this monastery that he met the Anglo-Saxon youths in the slave market, and being struck bj' their boautj', and learning that they came from a pagan land, resolved to devote himself to the conversion of that land to Chris- tianity. He set forth on his journey; but the clamor of the Romans at his loss led the Pope, Benedict I., to compel his return, and eventually to enroll him in the secular ministry by ordain- ing him one of the seven regionary deacons of Rome. Benedict's successor, Pelagius II., sent Gregory as Nuncio to Constantinople to implore the Emperor's aid against the Lombards. He resided in Constantinople from 578 to 585, dur- ing which time he commenced and perhaps completed his great work, the Exposition of Job. On his return to Rome he reentered his monastery and became abbot, and on the death of Pelagius was unanimously called liy the clergy, the Senate, and the people to succeed liim. He used every means to evade the dignity, biit was forced to yield, and was consecrated Septem- ber 3, 590. Pew pontiffs have equaled, hardly one has surpassed, Gregory as the administrator of the concerns of the vast charge assigned to him. To him the Roman Church is indebted for the complete and consistent organization of her public services and the details of her ritual, for the regulation and systematization of her sacred chants. The mission to England, which he was not permitted to undertake in person, was in- trusted by him (597) with all the zeal of a per- sonal obligation to Augustine (see Augustine), and under his auspices Britain was brought with- in the pale of Christian Europe. Under him the Gothic Kingdom of Spain, long Arian. was united to the Church. Nor was his zeal for the reforma- tion of the clergy- and the purification of the morality of the Church inferior to his ardor for its extension. On occasion of the threat- ened invasion of Rome by the Lombards, Greg- ory performed the part of a true king in pro- tecting the State, and in his general adminis- tration he was, in fact, if not j'et in avowed au- thority, a temporal sovereign. As regards the general government of the Church, Gregory repro- bated very strongly the assumption bj' John, Pa- triarch of Constantinople, of the title of a>eumeni- cal ur universal bishop, especially as the object of John in assuming this title Wivs to justify an exercise of jurisdiction outside of the limit.s of his own partriarehate. In his writings, too, the de- tails of the whole dogmatic system of the modern Church are very fully developed. He died in Rome, March 11, G04. His posthumous fame is of the highest, and he is one of the four greatest doctors of the Western (Latin) Church. His works are in Higne. Patrologia La^iHo.lxxv.-lxxvi. The best edition of his Letters is bv Ewald and Hartmann (Berlin, 1891-03). In English have appeared: The Booh of Pastoral Rule, and many epistles in 'Nicene and PostSicenc Fathers, sec- ond series, vols. xii. and xiii., with prolegomena ; his book of Dialogues (London, 1874), from which there are extracts in Little Flmiyers of fiaint Bcnet, Gathered from the Dialogves (Lon- don, 1901) ; his Morals in the Book of Job, in "A Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church," vols, xviii.. xxi.. xxiii.. xxxi. For his life, consult Ptahler (Frankfort, 1852), of which the first voUune onlj' was published; Barmby (London, 1879) ; Snow (London, 1892) ; Kellett, Pope Gregory the Great and His Rela- tions u-ith Gaul (London, 1889). Gregory II. (Pope 715-31). He was born in Rome in 009, and educated at the Lateran. His pontificate is specially noticeable as forming an epoch in the progress of the territorial preemi- nence of the Roman See in Italy. The authority of the Eastern emperors in the West had simk into little more than a name, and the tyrannical and barbarous measures by which the Emperor Leo the Isaurian attempted to enforce his decrees against image-worship (see Leo III.; Iconoclasm) weak- ened still more the tie which bound Italy to the Eastern emperors. The natural result of the dimi- nution of the Imperial authority in Italy was the growth of that of the Pope, to whom the deserted Italian provinces looked, partly as their spiritual counselor and head, partly as their mediator with the Itarbarous enemy, partly as the centre of the political federation of self-defense which their isolation necessitated. Gregory convened a coun- cil in Rome on the subject of the honor due to im- ages, and addressed an energetic letter to the Em- peror. He died in Rome, February 10. 731. His Epistolw et Canoncs are in Migne, Patrol. Lat.. Ixxxix. Consult Dahmen, Das Pontifikat Greqors H. (DMsseldorf, 1888) .—Gregory III. (Pope 731 - 41). He was a Syrian by birth, and followed the policy of his predecessor, Gregory II. In 739 he sent a deputation to Charles Martel, soliciting his succor against the Lombards, and proposing, if it was granted, to recognize him as protector of the Romans, and to confer on him the title of 'Con- sul and Patrician of Rome.' This offer was made by the Pope "in virtue of a decree of the Roman Primus," and is of great historical importance in the consideration of the nature and origin of the Papal power in Italy. Owing to the pressure of the war with the Saracens, the embassy failed, but it was a step toward the consummation of