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* GREECE. 214 GREEK ART. in authority, altlioiigh the regular Greek offi- cers on the frontier and the Government dis- claimed their aetis. On the 17th of April the Porte declared war, charging Greece with being the aggressor. The campaign of thirty-one days that ensued was so inefficiently managed on the Greek side that it would have been ludi- crous had it not been so pathetic. The Turks forced one position after another, the Greeks, under the incapable command of Prince Con- stantine, the heir to the throne, showing an un- steadiness in marked contrast to the discipline and determination of the Turks. The latter threw back the advanced line of the Greeks, who at first had a distinct strategic advantage, invaded Thessaly on April '21st, and occupied Larissa on the 25th, while the Greek array, now a panic- stricken mob, was in headlong flight. Heav'y figliting occurred at Velestino April 25th, and at Fersala May 5th. The plain of Thessaly was oc- cupied by the forces of Edhcju Pasha, and in the third week of May the Turks held the line of the Ortlnys Mountains, and threatened Cen- tral Greece. Their advance was stopped only when Russia peremptorily demanded an armis- tice. This was concluded on Jlay 18th. Prelimi- naries of peace w<'re signed September 18th, and on December ^th the definitive treaty was signed at Constantinople. Greece was required to pay an indemnity to Turkey amounting to $18,000,- 000, the payment to be supervised by an inter- national commission of the mediating Powers, which also undertook to rectify the frontier. In 1898 the Powers compelled Tnrkey to withdraw her forces from Crete, and Prince George of Greece was installed as Governor of the now au- tonomous island. The war with Turkey was a great misfortune to Greece, which had other- wise enjoyed under King George a normally healthy development, and was slowly recovering its prosperity. It was with difficulty saved from serious loss of territory by the intervention of the Powers. The Greek people show all the politi- cal activity and restlessness of the ancient Athe- nian democracy : but. like their forefathers, they are inclined to divide into personal factions, lack steadiness, and need wise and firm leadership. BIBLIOOKAPHT. Consult the histories of Grote, Curtius, Duncker.Thirlwall, Abbott. Holm, Busolt, and Beloch ; also Freeman. History of Federal Government in. Greece (London, 1893) ; Droysen, Geschichte des Helleriixmvs {Gotha, 1877-78) ; Kaerst, Gesrhirhte dci hellenistischen Zeitulters, vol. i. (Leipzig, IflOl) : Cox, History of Greece (London, 1874) : id.. The Athenian Empire (ib., 1877), and The Gi-eeks and Persians (ib., 1876). The standard history of Greece from B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864 is that of George Finlay, a Scotchman, who took part in the War for Independence, and spent much of his life in Greece (new ed.. 7 vols., Oxford, 1877), The division of the subject in Fin- lay's volumes is a convenient guide to the large periods of modern Greek history: I. Greece under the Romans, B.C. 146-..n. 716; 11. The Byzantine Empire. 716-1057: III. Byzantine and Greek Em- pires, 1057-1453: IV. Media>val Greece and Em- pire of Trebizond, 1204-1461 : V. Under Ottoman and Venetian domination, 1453-1821; VI. Greek revolution, 1821-27; VII. Establishment of the Greek Kingdom, 1827-64. Consult also: Ten- nent. The History of Modern Greece. B.C. Ili6 to A.D. 1820 (London, 18.30, 1845) ; Guerber. The Story of the Greeks (New York, 1898); Jebb, Modern Greece, two lectures «ith papers on the progress of Greece (London, 1880) ; Crousse, La pininsule grcco-slave, son passe, son present et son avenir (Brussels, 1876) ; Lavisse and Ram- baud, Eistoire generate ( 12 vols., Paris, 1893- 1900). There are also .several histories in Greek, among them being those of Trikupis (London, 1860), Papparigopulos (London, 1886), and Lambros (Oxford, 1886). On special periods or phases of the subject the following deserve no- tice: Phillips. The Greek War of Independence 1821-33 (London, 1897) ; Isambcrt, L'indcpend- unce grecque et VEurope (Paris, 1900) ; Berard, La Turquie et I'hellcnisme contemporain- (Paris, 1893) ; id., Les affaires de Crete (Paris, 1900) ; Bickford-Smith, Greece Under King George (London, 1893) ; and The Grwco-Turkish War of 1807, from Official Sources hy a German Staff Officer, translation (London, 1898)., GREEK ART. In this article the subject will be considered as it manifests itself in sculpture and architecture. ( For a general view of Greek artistic activity, see Arch.eology; for Greek pottery, see Pottery and Vases ; and for Greek painting, see Painting.) The great artists and their works are the subjects of separate articles. Prehistoric Art in Greece. The art of the Pre-llycenoean and Jlycensean periods need not be treated here, as its influence is chiefly felt in other fields than those of architecture and sculpture, and its Hellenic character is still a subject of discussion. There is no connection traceable between the reliefs of Mycen.T and Crete and the rude beginnings of Hellenic sculp- ture in the seventh century B.C. In building the ease is somewhat diiTerent. and though the gap is still a wide one, there can be little doubt that the Doric temple is derived from the Mycenasan house, at least in some of its characteristic fea- tures. The essential element of these early dwellings is the large rectangular room, to which entrance is gained through a vestibule or por- tico formed by prolongation of the side walls, and often partially closed in front by pilasters or colunms. The plan is therefore that of a temple in antis. The materials used were stone for the foundations, crude brick for the walls, and wood for the roof columns and facings of the ends of the walls, where they were most exposed. The roofs were probably flat, and covered with earth, as is common in the East to-day. Between the decline of the Jlycenaean period and the ear- liest extant Doric temple, the Hcra'um at Olyra- pia, is a gap of some centuries, and in that time the adaptation or transformation of the human house into a dwelling for the god has been com- pleted. -Vrchitecture : the Temple. In view of the evidence afforded by the Heri^um and the later but very similar temple at Thermon. in .Etolia, it seems necessary to abandon theories that con- sider the Doric style a transformation into stone of an original wooden architecture, the develop- ment of a purely stone construction, or the stone reproduction of an original combination of wood and sun-dried brick. The lighter Ionic forms, how- ever, seem to point to an origin in a purely wooden construction. As both orders are developed dur- ing the early period of Greek art, though both reached their culmination only in the fifth cen- tury, it will be convenient at this point to de- scribe briefly the usual forms of the Greek