Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/180

* GBAUDENZ. 154 GRAVELOTTE. right bank of the Vistula, 60 miles south of Dan- zig (Map: Prussia, H 2). It is commanded bj' a ciladel, eiccaed in 1772-70 by Frederick the Cireat, and is surrounded by a wall. It is a well-built town with a gT,-mnasium, two seminaries, and other educational and charitable institutions. The chief manufactures are machinery and other iron products, cigars, and brushes. There are also a number of sa«inills. Population, in 181)0, 20,385; in 1000, 32,727, of whom 10,000 are Catholics. Graudenz, under the name of Grudenc, received municipal rights in 1291. It came into the possession of Poland in 1466, was occupied in 16.55-59 by the Swedes, and annexed to Prussia in 1772. GRAUL, groul, Ivarl (1814-64).' A German missionary, born at Worlitz near Dessau. After conducting the Lutheran mission at Dresden he went to India in 1849, where he studied the Tamuli language, and devoted himself to missionary labor until 1853. His principal publications are: Vnterschcidunrislehren der vcrscli iedeiien christ- lichen Bekenntnisse (11th ed. 1884) ; and Bihlio- thcca Tamulica (1854-65). He wa.s a reformer in the best sense of the term. Free from bigotry, he believed, not so mucli in the conversion of the individual as in the Christianizing of the people at large, and to this end urged the necessity of broad and liberal culture on the part of the mis- sionary. GRAX7N, groim, Karl Heineich (1701-59). A Geinian composer, born at Wahrenbriick, hear Torgau, Prus,sian Saxony. When Frederick the Great came to the throne of Prussia he appointed Graun royal musical director, and commissioned him to organize an opera at Berlin, the singers for which were secured in Italy. For a long period the operas of Graun — about thirty in number — were performed at Berlin, to the exclusion of almost all others, excepting those of Hasse. Even more celebrated A^■aa the oratorio on the Passion, entitled Do' Tod Jesu, which is still given an- nually in Berlin. Among his most noteworthy compositions, all of which are full of melody, are the following: Ifigenia in Aiilide (1729) ; Artanerse (1743); Semirnmide (1754): Uonte- etinia (1755); the splendid Te Deum (1756); and numerous cantatas, motets, concertos, etc. Graun is represented as musical director upon the famous monument of Frederick the Great in Berlin. GRAVE (AS. qrcrf. nmf, Goth, ciraha, OHG. grab, Ger. Grah, from AS. grafan. Goth., OHG. graban, Ger. graben. Eng. grave, to dig). The place where a dead body is interred. It is pro- tected by the common law from violation by re- moving or disturbing the dead body, or stealing the coffin or grave-clothes, such violation being punished as a misdemeanor, mder the description of grave-robbifig, or bodif-sna'tcJiing. The com- mon-law rule has been supplemented and reen- forced by statutory provisions in some of the United St^ates. See Cemetery Law.s ; Corpse. GRAVE (It., heavv'). In music, an Italian term denoting a very slow tempo of serious char- acter. It is emploved verv much like the largo (q.v.). GRAVE, The. A didactic poem of nearly 800 lines in blank verse, by Robert Blair. It was published in 1743 and in 1808. William Blake made a series of designs illustrating the poem, among his best and most successful work. GRAVEAIRS, grav'arz, Lady. A character in Cibljcr's c Mnu-dy 'J'lte Careless Husband. GRAVEDIGGER. A connuon name in India for the ratel or honey-badger (see Badger), which has the reputation of digging into men's graves in order to feed on the corpses — a belief for which there is no justification in fact. Per- sians make the same accusation against their badger. GRAVEL. See Calculus. GRAVEL (OF. gravels, gravelle, grevelle, from grave, greve. Ft. grirc, sand; connected with Welsh gro, Corn, grou, JIBret. grouaucnn, sand; ultimately connected with Skt. gruvan, stone). The name given to aggregations of water-worn and rounded fragments of rocks, varying in size from a pea to a walnut. When the fragments are smaller the deposit is sand, when larger it is called shingle. Gravel deposits are formed by the action of running water, and are usually limited in size, occurring with more extensive strata of sand. They are found in the formations of every age. By infiltration of silica, lime, or iron oxides, the pebbles may be firmly cemented together, and forai a hard rock called conglom- erate ( q.v. ). Quartz, owing to its resistance to abrasion, is the most common mineral foiind as gravel. See Geology; Soil. GRAVELLKTES, grav'len' CFXcm. Gravelinghe, Ger. Gravelingen) . A small fortified town and seaport of France, in the Department of Nord, about 10 miles southwest of Dunkirk. Popula- tion, in 1900, 6202. The town was founded about 1100, and after 1405 constituted a part of the possessions of the House of Burgundy. It is noted as the scene of a victory gained July 13. 1558, by the Spanish troops under Count Egmont over the French under Jlarshal Thermes, a victory which compelled the French to accept the severe terms of the Treaty of Cateau Carabr^sis (1559). In 1658 Gravelines was taken by Turenne, and was incorporated with France by the terms of the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659). GRAVELOTTE, grav'lot'. A village in Lor- raine, about seven miles west of IMetz, which has given its name to the most important b.attle of the Franco-German War, fought on August IS, 1870. It was the third in the series of battles aroimd Jletz, following on Ba- za ine's attempt to retreat from the Moselle to Chalons and to effect a junction with the army of MacMahon. The battles of Colombey- Nouilly (August 14th) and Vionville, or Mars- la-Tour (August I6th), prevented the execution of this plan, and Bazaine, in fear of being cut off from Metz, fell back upon that fortress on August 17th, taking up an exceptionally strong position on a ridge of hills to the west of the city, and fronting westward., with his line extending from Rancourt and Saint-Privat on the north through Amanvillers and Chatel to Roze- rieulles. In Gennan headquarters, where great uncertainty prevailed as to the exact position of the French, it was determined to attempt a flank- ing movement against the enemy's right, which was supposed to be at Amanvillers; at the same time the French left and centre were to be as- sailed to insure the success of the attack on their right. As it turned out. however, the French right extended some three miles to the north of Amanvillers, and the execution of the flanking