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* GRANT. 134 GRANT. with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He published the record of his experiences under the title A Walk Across Africa (1804). GRANT, Sir James Hope (1808-75). A Brit- ish soldier, born in Perthshire, Scotland. He served through the first Chinese War, and tlien went to India, where he took part in the Sutlej campaign of 1845-46, and the Punjab campaign of 1848-49. During the Sepoy Mutiny (1857- V 58) he bore a conspicuous part in many of the more important engagements, notably the battle of Cawiipore. the stonuing of Delhi, and both the first and the second reliefs of Lucknow — ■ senices which earned him the rank of major- general. At the outbreak of the second Chinese War, in 1860, he was given command of the British forces, and in spite of the lack of co- operation on the part of the French, brought the struggle to a successful conclusion bj' the capture of Peking. The next year he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, and in 1862 was made commander-in-chief at Madras. In 1870 he was appointed commander of the camp at Aldershot, where, in spite of bitter opposition, he succeeded in introducing the Prussian system of army manceuvres. He was a patron of Lord Wolseley, whose ability he was one of the first to recog- nize, and to whose radical schemes he often lent his influence. GRANT, Sir Patrick (1804-95). A British soldier. He was born in Scotland; entered the military service of the East India Company in 1820, and served for many years with distinc- tion in India. In 1856 he was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the Madras Army, and in 1857, at the outbreak of the mutiny, he was temporari- ly placed in command of all the British forces in India. It wa.s he who sent Havelock to the relief of Cawnpore and Lucknow. He was Gover- nor of Malta from 1867 to 1872, wa,s appointed governor of Chelsea Hospital in 1874, and in 1883 was promoted to be field-marshal. GRANT, Robert (1852—). An American novelist and essayist, born in Boston. He gradu- ated at Harvard in 1873, received the doctorate of philosophy in 1876. and graduated from the Harvard Law School in 1879. In 1893 he was appointed judge of the Probate Court and of the Court of Insolvency, for Suffolk County. Mass. His early literary work was trivial or juvenile: The Little Tin ' God on Wheels (1879); The Confessions of a Frivolous Girl (1880); The Lambs (1882) ; etc. Of more maturity are: The Carletons (1886); An Avcrafle Man (1884); The Enare of Hearts (1886) ; A Romantic. Young Lady (1886) ; Face to Face (1886) : The Bache- lor's Christmas, and Other f^tories (1805) ; and Unleavened Bread, the latter a powerful and popular novel (1900), and by far the best of his fiction. Genial essays on social topics are gath- ered imder the titles: The Opinions of a Philoso- pher (1883); Reflections of a Married Man (1892) ; The Art of Living (1895). GRANT, Robert (1814-92). A Scottish as- tronomer, born at Grantown-on-Spey. Morayshire. He studied for a short time at King's College, Aberdeen ; became connected with a London count- ing-house, and from 1845 to 1847 was in Paris attending the lectures of Leverrier and Arago. and making researches preparatory to his His- torjt of Physical Astronomy from the Earliest Ages to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century (1852), a work for which the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society was awarded in 1856. In 1859 lie was appointed professor of astronomy and director of the observatory in the University of Glasgow. He accompanied the Himalaya expedition of 18G0 to Spain to obsen-e the total solar eclipse. His further publications include a valuable Catalogue of GJflo Stars for the Epoch 1S70 ( 1883), with a Catalogue of 2156 Stars (1892), in supplement; and translations of the Notices hiographiques (as Biographies of Distinguished Scicnlific Men, 1854), and Stir les eomites (as Popular Treatise on Comets. 1861), of Arago. From 18-52 to 1800 he also edited the Monthly Notices of the Roj-al Astronomical So- ciety, of which he was elected fellow in 1850. GRANT, (HiBAM) Ulysses Simpsox (1822- 85). A celebrated American general, and the eighteenth President of tJie United States. He was bom at Point Plea.sant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822, and was the eldest child of .Jesse R. Grant, a tanner and farmer, and Hannah Simpson Grant. On his father's side he was remotely of Scottish ancestry, being a de- scendant of Matthew Grant, one of the settlers of Windsor. Conn., in 1635. and a man of much importance in the infant colony, which he served for manj' years as surveyor and town clerk. Ulysses's great-grandfather, Xoah Grant, held a military commission in the French and Indian War, and his grandfather, also named Noah, fought in the Revolution, afterwards emigrating to Pennsylvania, and from thence to Deerfield, Ohio. His maternal grandfather. John Simpson, had likewise emigrated to Ohio from Pennsyl- vania. Jesse Grant, who had worked as a tanner for the father of the afterwards noted Abolitionist, John Brown, started in business for himself at Ravenna, but removed to Point Pleasant, and in 1823 to Georgetown, about 40 miles from Cin- cinnati, where Uh'sses was brought up. working on his father's farm in summer and attending school in winter. .Jesse Grant, desirous that his son should have a better education than he him- self had had, procured for him in 1839 an ap- pointment to West Point, where Ulysses in 1843 graduated twenty-first in a class of thirty- nine, and was then commissioned brevet second lieutenant in the Fourth Regiment of Infantry, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. In Jlay, 1844, his regiment was ordered to Louisiana, and in September, 1845. to Texas, to join the army of General Taylor. In the Mexican War, Grant took part in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and was present at the cap- ture of Monterey ; was then made quartermaster of his regiment in 1847; participated in the battles of General Scott's campaign, and for his bravery at Molino del Rey. September 8. 1847, was made first lieutenant, and for his conduct at Chapultepec, September 13th. was brevetted captain. In the summer of 1848 his regiment re- turned, to be stationed first at Detroit and then at Sackett's Harbor. In the same year he was married to a Miss ,Tulia T. Dent, of Saint Louis, sister of one of his classmates at West Point, who survived him many years, dying in 1902. In 1852 he accompanied his regiment to Cali- fornia and Oregon, and on August 5. 1853, was commissioned full captain; but on .July 31. 18.54, resigned and removed to the neighborhood of