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* GRANGER. 130 GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC. he took part in the capture of General Roddy's camp near Courtland, and later aided in driving General Wheeler from middle Tennessee. In October of the same year he was engaged in pro- tecting that district during Forest's raid, and in the defense of Decatur against Hood's army. He was brevetted major-general in the Regular Army on March 13, 1805, and soon afterwards was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Eleventh Infantry. In 1871 he was promoted to the rank of colonel, and in 1873 was retired from active service upon his own application. GRANGER CASES. A series of cases de- cided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1876, and reported in 94 United States Reports at pages 113 to 187, inclusive. Their several titles are as follows: Munn vs. Illinois; Chicago, Burlington and Quiney Ry. vs. Iowa; Peik vs. Chicago and ortli Western Ry. ; Chicago, Mil- waukee and Saint Paul Ry. vs. Ackley; Winona and Saint Peter Ry. vs. Blake; and Stone vs. Wisconsin. In liis dissenting opinion, Mr. Justice Field designated the entire group as the 'Granger cases,' a name which has clung to them ever since, although neither the Patrons of Husbandry, nor any 'grange' or lodge of that association, nor any of its members or 'grangers' had any connection with these litigations. The general principle deducible from these de- cisions has been stated in these words: "When- ever any person pursues a public calling, and sustains such relations to the public that the people must, of necessity, deal with him, and are under a moral duress to submit to his terms, if he is unrestrained by law, then, in order to prevent extortion and an abuse of his position, the price he may charge for his services, or use of his property, may be regulated by law." Applying this principle to the cases then before the court, it was held that a statute of Illinois was constitutional which prescribed maximum rates for the storage of grain in elevators, and prescribed penalties for charging higher rates than those named in the law. In the various railroad cases the court held that railroad com- panies are engaged in a public employment; that their property is therebj' "affected with a public interest, and no longer juris privati only"; that it has been devoted by them to a use in which the public has an interest; that by such conduct they have in effect granted to the public an inter- est in that use, and must submit to be controlled by the public for the common good, to the ex- tent of the interest thus created; that they may withdraw their grant by discontinuing the use, but that so long as they maintain the use they must submit to the control. The doctrine of these cases has been approved by many State courts. In Maine it Avas applied in sustaining the constitutionality of a statute prescribing the maximum tolls to be charged by the owner of a pxiblie gristmill. The court in that case said: "In the absence of Government aid, the individual proprietor, not pretending to serve the public, might maintain such mills as private mills, free from legislative interference, precisely as he might maintain a store, shop, ox other private business; but when he makes his mill public and attempts to sei-ve the public, then he dedicates his mill to public use, and it becomes subject to public regulation and control." It is admitted by all courts that the doctrine of the Granger cases does not authorize the leg- islature to destroy or confiscate property, even when it is affected with a public use, under guise of regulating rates or toils. Statutes im- posing unreasonable regulations, or having the object of taking private property for public use without compensation, have been declared un- constitutional. Consult Hare, American Consti- tutional Law (Boston, 1889). GRANGERS. See Grange. GRANGOUSIER, graN'gou'zya'. In Rabc- lais's Gargantua. and Pantagruel, the King of Utopia and father of Gargantua, supposed to stand in tlic political allegory for Jean d'Albret. GRANI'CUS (Lat., from Gk. TpdviKoc, Grani- l:os). The ancient name of a small river in Troas, in the northwest of Asia Minor, flowing from the northern side of Mount Ida to the Pro- pontis, and now known as the Kodja-su. The Granicus is celebrated as the scene of the first victory gained by Alexander the Great over the Persians after he crossed the Hellespont, B.C. 334, and of a victory by Lucullus over Mithri- dates in B.C. 74. GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC, gra'nya' de ka'sa'nyak', Adolpiie (1808-80). A French Bona- partist and journalist, born in Averon-Bergelle. lie went to Paris in 1832. His first work was as a literary critic. He enthusiastically espou.seJ the cause of the Romanticists, and his attack on Racine stirred up all Paris. He abandoned litera- ture for politics in 1840, in which year he made a political voyage to the Antilles. In 1845 he started the ultra-Orleanist journal L'Epoque. After the Revolution of 1848 he left Paris. He returned in 1850 as a Bonapartist, and became editor of the Pouvoir. During the Empire he was a Bonapartist member of the French legis- lative body, and a passionate Conservative. In 1857 he founded with Barbey d'Aurevilly the short-lived Le Rcveil. He was connected with other journals in the interest of Napoleon, becom- ing, in 1866, the editor-in-chief of the violent Le Pays, with his son Paul as assistant. His polemical career during this decade was marked by sensational duels, lawsuits, affairs with the po- lice, and other evidences of indiscreet zeal. After the fall of the Empire he started Le Drapcaii in Pnissels. In 1876 he was once more chosen as an anti-rcpuhlican national Deputy. He died Jan- uary 31, 1880. His works include two mediocre novels; also travels {Voyage aux Antilles) ; and his lioiivenirs du Second Empire. His most note- worthy compilations are his histories: Histoire des riasses ouvricres et des classes hourgeoiscs (Paris, 1837) ; Histoire du Dircctoire (1851-63) ; Histoire des Girondins et des massacres dc scp- temhrc (1860). etc. They lack calm judicial qualities and the result of impartial study and investigation, but are characterized by journal- istic vigor and graphical power. GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC, Paul (1843 — ). A French author and journalist, born in Paris, son of the preceding. He began his literary life by writing for Le Paysi. He took part in the war of 1870-71, and then returned to journalism. In 1874 Le Pnj/s was suspended on account of M. de Cassagnac's violent articles. In 1876 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies; and he has since continued to serve there with occasional interruptions. He is known as one of the bitterest opponents of the existing order of