Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/146

* GRAND FORKS. 124 GRAND JURY. lie), and the Northwestern Xormal College. The city is the centre of a fertile agricultural and lumbering district, and lias an extensive trade in wheat, Hour, lumber, live stock, etc. ; its indus- trial establishments include flour and lumber mills, grain elevators, brick-yards, a foundry, boiler-works, and a woolen mill. The water-works and electric-light plant for street lighting are owned by the municipality. Grand Forks was settled in 1871. and was incorporated ten years later. Population, in 1890, 4979; in 1900, 7652. GRAND HA'VEN. A city, port of entry, and the county-seat of Ottawa County, Mich., 31 miles west-northwest of Grand Rapids, on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River, and on the Detroit. Grand Haven and Milwaukee, and the Pere Marquette railroads (Map: Michigan, Ct 5) . It has a public-school library, Akeley Col- lege for Girls, and Highland Park. There is a fine harbor with steamboat lines to the principal lake ports, and a valuable trade is carried on. Grand Haven is the centre of extensive fishing, and fruit and celery-growing interests, and has manufactures of engines, refrigerators, furniture, pianos, barrels, baskets, shoes, etc. First settled in 18-3.5, Grand Haven is governed by a mayor, elected annually, and a city council. The water- works and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 5023;" in 1900, 4743. GRANDIDIER, graN'de'dyS', Alfred (1830 — ) . A French explorer, born in Paris. When about twenty he made his voyage to South America with his brother, Ernest Louis Maris (1833 — ). the collector, and JI. .Janssen. After traveling e.xtensively in the Americas he went to India (1SC3). Ceylon, and traveled along the east coast of Africa". In 1805 he first visited Mada- gascar. In several succeeding visits he collected the material for his Histoire physique, naturelle et politiqve de Mndiiqascnr, a work comprising forty volumes, the first of which appeared in 1876, and which is the authority on the island. His other works include some valuable maps, and Histoire de le pcofiraphie de Madarjascnr (1893) ; lies voyageitrs francais A iladagasear pendant les trente dcrnifres aiiix^cs (1894). GRAND INQUEST. See Grakd Jukt. GRAND ISLAND. A city and the county- seat of Hall County. Neb.. 153 miles west by south of Omaha, on the Ihiion Pacific, the Burlington and Missouri River, and the Saint Joseph and Grand Island railroads (Map: Nebraska, F 3). It is the seat of Grand Island College (Baptist), opened in 1892, and has a public library. Saint Francis Hos- pital, and the Nebrask.a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. There are several wholesale and retail es- tablishments, a large beet-sugar factory, a can- ning factory, a flouring-mill.a broom-factory, etc.. and railroad shops of the Union Pacific. The city carries on an extensive grain trade. Settled in 1869, Grand Island was incorporated in 1872. Under a charter of 1901. the government is ad- ministered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated bv the municipality. Population, in 1890, 7530; in' 1900. 75.54. GRANDISSIMES, sraN'de'sem'. The. A novel by Oeoro-e W. Cable (1880). the story of an old New Orleans family, the Grandissimes. between whom and the De Grapions an old feud led finally to the extreme poverty of two lovely Creoles. A reconciliation brings about marriages for both. The time is the beginning of the ninc- teentli century, and the work presents a vivid picture of Creole life. GRAND JUNCTION. A city and the county- seat of Mesa County. Colo., at the junction of the Grand and Gunnison rivers, and on the Denver and Rio Grande, the Colorado Midland, and other railroads (Map: Colorado, C 2). It is one of the most important towns in western Colorado, and is the centre of a fertile agricultural region, served by a large irrigation canal, and is espe- cially noted for its fruits. There are extensive coal "interests, and machine-shops, lumber-yards, briclc-yards, flour and planing mills, a beet-sugar factory, a pyritic smelter, etc. Grand Junction is the" seat "of Teller Institute, which has over one hundred and fifty Indian pupils. The water- works are under municipal ownershiji. and Grand Junction is said to be the only town in the United States owning its street-car line. Population, in 1890, -2030"; in 1900, 3503. GRAND JURY. The assembly of good and sullicient men, summoned by order of the sheriff to attend every session of the peace, and every commission of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery in England, for the purpose of in- quiring into the charges of offenses, and of re- turning to the court their delivery thereon. The institution of the grand jury dates back to the earliest period of English history, having been in use among the Saxons. It would seem from a law of Ethelred that the number of the grand jury was originally twelve; but wc learn from Briieton that, in the time of Henry III., it was the practice to return four knights for every hundred, who elected twelve other knights, or else twelve liberos et legates homines, to take part with them in the inquest. Toward the latter part of the reign of Edward III., in ad- dition to the inquest for the hundred, the sheriflf was required to return a panel of knights for the whole county. This jury was called le graiinde inquest, and made inquiry for the county, while the jury for the hundred inquired for its own district only. After the establishment of the graunde inquest, the practice of summon- ing a jury of the hundred gradually went out of use; but until 6 Geo. IV.. c. 50. it was deemed necessary that some of the grand jury should be summoned for every hundred. At the present day, the grand jury must consist of no fewer than twelve, nor more than twenty-three mem- bers. A grand jury is summoned for every assize, and for the quarter-sessions in counties and boroughs. After having the oath adminis- tered, and receiving a charge from the judge, the grand jurors retire to their room, and the various indictments, which are called bills, arc laid be- fore them. The duty of the grand jury is simply to inquire whether there is sufficient prima facie evidence to require a trial. For this purpose they may require the same evidence, written and parol, as may be necessary to sup- port the indictment at the trial. But in practice, iiaving ascertained that the Crown has a suffi- cient prima faeie case, they return a true bill, the prisoner's evidence being reserved for the trial. Witnesses are sworn on their examination before the grand jury by an officer appointed by the court. X^Tien the jury have come to a con-