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* GRAND COUTUMIER OF NORMANDY. 123 GRAND FORKS. that the Grand coutouinicr was currioil over from Nonnaudj' to Enghiiid or that it was ever re- garded as English law. It was originally writ- ten in Latin, but was early translated into French. The best recent editions are that of De Gruehy (Jersey, 1881), and Tardif (Rouen, 1S9G). GRAND CYRXJS, griiN se'rys', Le (Fr., the great Cyrns). The sub-title of Scudory's Artn- viciic, an obvious ])arody on the name of Le Grand Conde. The liero of the story is a carica- ture of that historic iicrsouage. GRANDE CHARTREUSE, griiKd shar'trez'. See Chartreuse, La Grande. GRANDE DUCHESSE DE GEROLSTEIN, griixd du'shes' de zha'rul'staN', La. An opera boulfe of Offenbach ))roduced at the Varictes in 1807, the libretto being by Meilhac and Halevy. Fritz, a fine-looking soldier, attracts the atten- tion of the Grand Duchess at a review, and is rapidly advanced to her favor, which, however, he loses when his love for Wanda is discovered. GRANDE ECAILLE, griiN da'kt'y' (Fr., great scale). The tarpon (q.v.), so called by French-speaking fishermen along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (often locally corrupted into 'grandkyke') . GRANDEES, gran-dez' (Sp. grandes, great men). The name by which the most highly priv- ileged class of the nobility of Castile were known after the thirteenth century. The honors of the grandees were hereditary: they held lands from the Crown, w'ere exempted from taxation, could not be imprisoned for debt or subjected to tor- ture, and could not be summoned before a civil or criminal tribunal without a special warrant from the King. They were entitled to decide private feuds by an appeal to arms, and had a right to leave the kingdom, and even to enter the service of a foreign prince at war with Castile, without incurring the penalties of treason. Gradually the grandees monopolized the high offices of State, and even invaded the King's Coun- cil. Besides these privileges, which were common to them with the rest of the higher nobility, the grandees possessed several which were peculiar to themselves, or which they shared only with the so-called tifulados — the counts and dukes. Of these, the chief was the right, in all public trans- actions, of remaining covered in the presence of the King. The King addressed a grandee as mi prin'O, 'my cousin german': whereas any other member of the higher nobility he called only mi pariente, 'my relative.' In the national as- spinblics the grandees sat imiiiediatcly after the prelates and before the titulados. They had free entrance into the palace and into the private chambers of the monarch, and on the occasion of religious solemnities they had their place in the royal chapel next to the altar. Their wives shared their dignities, the Queen rising from her seat to greet them. Under Ferdinand and Isa- bella, Cardinal Ximenes succeeded in checking the power of the feudal nobility by ignoring their time-honored privileges and rewarding men of low birth with important offices. Charles V. and Philip II. continued the policy of Ferdinand and Isabella, and succeeded in making the gran- dees a dependent Court nobility. Gradually three classes of grandees arose out of this merely nominal nobility. It was the privilege of the first class to De commanded by the monarch to Vol. IX.— 0. be covered before they had begun to address hira. At the coronation of Cluirles '. at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, the princes of the Empire refused to assist at the ceremony if the grandees were allowed to be covered, and for once the grandees renounced the privilege. After the accession of Joseph Bonaparte in 1808, the dignities and privileges of the granilces were entirely abolished, but they were partiallv reestablished at the restoration in 1814. GRANDE MADEMOISELLE, graNd ma'd'- mwii'zel'. La. A title given to Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, Duchesse de Montpensier, for her beauty, wcaltli, and valor. Sec JIo.ntpensier. GRANDES CHRONIQUES DE FRANCE, graNd kro'nek' de friiNs (Fr. Great Clironicles of France). An historical prose compilation be- gun by a monk of Saint-Denis in 1274, and con- tinued by the members of that counnunity until the reigi'i of Charles V., after which it was con- tinued by lay authors to the time of Louis XI. GRANDET, graN'di', Eugenie. The heroine of Balzac's novel Eugenie Grandet. Her love and sacrifice for her cousin are unrequited. GRAND FALLS. A magnificent cataract of the Grand ixiver (q.v.). I^abrador, British America, in latitude 53° 50' N., longitude 03° 50' W. (Map: Canada, SO). From a pool, four miles above the falls, the river makes a rapid descent of 200 feet between gradually nar- rowing banks until it shoots over a rocky plat- form 200 feet wide into a mighty chasm 310 feet below. The deafening roar of the falls can be heard at a distance of 20 miles. Below the falls there is another rapid descent of 300 feet; the total descent from the pool above the falls to the sea is 2000 feet. The canon through which the river falls is 25 miles long, with an average depth of 400 to 500 feet. The first European to see the cataract was Mr. ^McLean, a Hudson Bay Company official, in 1839. Accounts of its ex- istence had become mythical until it was re- discovered by two separate expeditions in 1891, and officially surveyed by the Canadian Geolog- ical Survey in 1894. GRAND FALLS, or COLE'BROOKE. A port of entry of Victoria County, New Brunswick, Can.. 77 miles southwest of Chaleur Bay (Map: Xew Brunswick. B 2). It is at the head of navi- gation on the river Saint John. 200 miles from Saint John on the Bay of Fundy, with which it has steamboat communication. It is a favorite tourist and sporting resort on account of its fine scenery, cool climate, partridge and duck shoot- ing. The falls, variously estimated at from .50 to 100 feet high, are very picturesque; a good view of them is obtained from a fine suspension bridge which spans the river. Population, 1500. GRANDFATHER'S CHAIR. Two scries of tales for children by Xnthanicl Hawthorne, pub- lished respectively in 1841 and 1842. The stories are about famous persons and events in early American history. GRAND FORKS. A city and the county-seat of Grand Forks County, N. D., 70 miles north of Fargo, at the confluence of Red Lake River with the Red River of the North, and on the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railroads (Map: North Dakota, II 2). It is the sent of the State LTniversity, opened in 1884, Saint Bernard's Convent and College (Roman Catho-